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Revista de Psicodidáctica (English Edition) Analysis of cognitively loaded physical tasks and active breaks for the improvem...
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Vol. 30. Issue 2.
(July - December 2025)
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2
Vol. 30. Issue 2.
(July - December 2025)
Original
Analysis of cognitively loaded physical tasks and active breaks for the improvement of executive functions in the school context. A systematic review and meta-analysis
Análisis de las propuestas educativas basadas en ejercicios con demandas cognitivas y descansos activos para la mejora de las funciones ejecutivas. Una revisión sistemática y meta-análisis
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Félix Zurita-Ortega, Gabriel González-Valero, José Luis Ubago-Jiménez
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jlubago@ugr.es

Corresponding author.
, Eduardo Melguizo-Ibáñez
Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Table 1. Analysis of the sample characteristics and effect sizes for each of the executive functions analysed
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Chart 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria based on PICOT strategy
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Abstract

In the school environment, young people show a high level of sedentary behaviour. Physical activity has been shown to be beneficial in improving students' quality of life. Moreover, physical activity with cognitive challenges and the implementation of active breaks are effective tools to work on the cognitive development of students in the school environment. The overall aim of this study was to analyse and compare the effect of interventions based on active breaks and cognitively challenging physical tasks to improve executive functions. The search for research was carried out in Web of Science, ERIC, Scopus, PsycINFO, Pubmed and Cochrane Library from May to August 2024. It has been considered studies that applied a physical activity programme with cognitive demands or application of active breaks and that used a randomised controlled trial or controlled trial design. The quantitative synthesis consisted of 22 studies. Two moderating variables were established: physical activities with cognitive demands and the use of active breaks. The application of physical activities with cognitive demands was more effective for working on cognitive flexibility (g = 1.47, CI = [0.70, 2.25]), fluency (g = 1.71, CI = [1.16, 2.27]) and updating (g = 1.05, CI = [-0.96, 3.06]). The application of active breaks was more efficient for attention work (g = 0.74, CI = [0.01, 1.47]), inhibition (g = 1.24, CI = [0.56, 1.92]) and working memory (g = 1.00, CI = [-0.54, 2.55]). It has been concluded that the presence of cognitive load in school physical activities condition the work of different executive functions.

Keywords:
Active methodologies
Executive functions
Education
Resumen

En el entorno escolar los jóvenes muestran un elevado nivel de sedentarismo. Se ha demostrado que la actividad física es beneficiosa para mejorar la calidad de vida de los estudiantes. Asimismo, la actividad física con retos cognitivos y la aplicación de descansos activos son herramientas eficaces para trabajar el desarrollo cognitivo de los estudiantes en el centro educativo. El objetivo general de este estudio ha sido el de analizar y comparar el efecto de las intervenciones basadas en descansos activos y las tareas físicas con demandas cognitivas para mejorar las funciones ejecutivas. La búsqueda de investigaciones se ha llevado a cabo en Web of Science, ERIC, Scopus, PsycINFO, Pubmed y Cochrane Library desde mayo hasta agosto de 2024. Se han tenido en cuenta los estudios que han aplicado un programa de actividad física con demandas cognitivas o descansos activos y que hayan seguido un diseño de ensayo controlado aleatorizado o ensayo controlado. La síntesis cuantitativa ha quedado formada por 22 estudios. Se han establecido dos variables moderadoras: actividades físicas con demandas cognitivas y aplicación de descansos activos. La aplicación de actividades físicas con demandas cognitivas ha sido más efectiva para trabajar la flexibilidad cognitiva (g = 1.47, IC = [0.70, 2.25]), fluidez (g = 1.71, IC = [1.16, 2.27]) y actualización (g = 1.05, IC = [−0.96, 3.06]). La aplicación de descansos activos ha sido más eficiente para el trabajo de la atención (g = 0.74, IC = [0.01, 1.47]), inhibición (g = 1.24, IC = [0.56, 1.92]) y memoria de trabajo (g = 1.00, IC = [−0.54, 2.55]). Se ha concluido que la presencia de carga cognitiva en las actividades físicas escolares condiciona el trabajo de diferentes funciones ejecutivas.

Palabras clave:
Metodologías activas
Funciones ejecutivas
Educación

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