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Actas Urológicas Españolas

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Actas Urológicas Españolas Nuevas perspectivas y estrategias emergentes de preservación vesical para el tu...
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Vol. 49. Núm. 7.
(Septiembre 2025)
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Vol. 49. Núm. 7.
(Septiembre 2025)
Artículo de revisión

Nuevas perspectivas y estrategias emergentes de preservación vesical para el tumor vesical músculo invasivo

New insights and emerging approaches in bladder-sparing treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer
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J.D. Subielaa,
Autor para correspondencia
jdsubiela@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, F. Guerrero-Ramosb,c,d, Ó. Rodríguez-Fabae, J. Aumatellf, P. Gajateg, F. López-Camposh, E. Sevillanoi, M. Hernández-Arroyod, E. García-Rojob,c, A. Artiles Medinaa, D. Sáenz-Calzadab,c, C. Gómez-Cañizod, J. Romero-Oterob,c, F. Couñagoj,k,l
a Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
b Clínica ROC, Madrid, España
c Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, Madrid, España
d Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
e Servicio de Urología, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, España
f Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, España
g Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
h Servicio de Oncología Radioterápica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, España
i HM Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (CIOCC), Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, España
j GenesisCare Madrid, Madrid, España
k Hospital San Francisco de Asís, Madrid, España
l Hospital La Milagrosa, Madrid, España
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Resumen
Introducción y objetivo

El tumor vesical músculo invasivo (TVMI) plantea importantes desafíos, tradicionalmente tratado con cistectomía radical, un procedimiento asociado a una morbilidad considerable y un impacto significativo en la calidad de vida. Los enfoques para preservar la vejiga buscan mantenerla intacta sin comprometer la eficacia oncológica. Esta revisión analiza las perspectivas emergentes en estrategias de preservación vesical para el TVMI, centrándose en criterios de selección de pacientes, caracterización molecular, métodos no invasivos para evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento, terapias sistémicas, técnicas de radioterapia y el papel de los dispositivos intravesicales.

Métodos

Revisión narrativa que sintetiza los avances en estrategias de preservación vesical para el TVMI.

Resultados

La selección de pacientes para la preservación vesical sigue siendo compleja. Los criterios tradicionales priorizan a los pacientes con factores clinicopatológicos de menor riesgo, pero algunos estudios actuales sugieren que variantes histológicas y la presencia de hidronefrosis no son criterios de exclusión absolutos. La clasificación molecular y la infiltración de células inmunes muestran potencial en la predicción de respuestas, aunque se necesita más evidencia. La resonancia magnética y la radiómica ofrecen posibilidades para evaluar la respuesta de manera no invasiva. Ensayos en curso investigan nuevas terapias sistémicas, enfoques de radioterapia y dispositivos intravesicales, con resultados preliminares prometedores.

Conclusión

Las estrategias de preservación vesical para el TVMI están en evolución. La integración de datos clínicos, radiológicos, histopatológicos y moleculares podría optimizar la selección de pacientes. Es probable que los enfoques multimodales con terapias sistémicas, radioterapia, dispositivos intravesicales y regímenes guiados por biomarcadores se conviertan en práctica estándar próximamente.

Palabras clave:
Tumor vesical
Terapia trimodal
Radioterapia
Preservación vesical
Quimiorradiación
Abstract
Introduction and objective

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) poses significant challenges, traditionally treated with radical cystectomy, a procedure with considerable morbidity and impact on quality of life. Bladder-sparing approaches aim to preserve the bladder while maintaining oncological efficacy. This review explores emerging perspectives in bladder-sparing strategies for MIBC, focusing on patient selection criteria, molecular characterization, non-invasive treatment response assessment, systemic therapies, radiation techniques, and the role of intravesical devices.

Methods

A comprehensive narrative review provides insights into novel perspectives in bladder-sparing strategies for treating MIBC.

Results

Patient selection criteria for bladder preservation remain challenging. While the traditional approach focuses on selecting candidates with MIBC with fewer clinicopathological risk characteristics, some studies suggest that histological variants and the presence of hydronephrosis may not be absolute exclusion criteria. Molecular classification data shows promise but lacks sufficient evidence, while immune cell infiltration may provide insights into potential treatment response. MRI and radiomics offer the potential for non-invasive treatment response assessment. Ongoing trials investigate new systemic therapies, radiation therapy approaches, and the role of intravesical devices in bladder preservation, with some preliminary data appearing promising.

Conclusion

Bladder-sparing strategies for MIBC are currently experiencing substantial evolution. Achieving optimal patient selection may entail the integration of clinical, radiological, histopathological, and molecular data. It is likely that shortly, multimodal approaches incorporating neoadjuvant systemic therapy, radiotherapy, intravesical devices, and possibly maintenance or adjuvant regimens guided by biomarker-driven strategies will become standard practice.

Keywords:
Bladder cancer
Trimodal therapy
Radiation therapy
Bladder-sparing
Bladder preservation
Chemoradiation

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