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Uncorrected Proof. Available online 26 April 2024
Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina: Update on diagnosis and treatment
Atrofia girata de la coroides y la retina: actualización en diagnóstico y tratamiento
M.T. Merino Dieza, C. Soria Pradaa, M. Zamorano Aleixandreb, J.J. Gonzalez-Lopeza,
Corresponding author
juliojose.gonzalez@live.com

Corresponding author.
a Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
b Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain
Received 16 January 2024. Accepted 12 March 2024
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Abstract

Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina (GACR) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterised by elevated plasma ornithine levels due to deficiency of the enzyme ornithine aminotransferase (OAT). The accumulation of this amino acid in plasma leads to the development of patches of chorioretinal atrophy in the peripheral retina extending into the macular area. Patients usually present with night blindness followed by constriction of the visual field and, finally, decreased central vision and blindness. The disease is diagnosed by the presence of the characteristic clinical picture, the presence of hyperornithinaemia in plasma and the detection of mutations in the OAT enzyme gene. There is currently no effective gene therapy and the most common therapeutic intervention mainly involves dietary modifications with arginine restriction.

This article aims to summarise the pathogenesis, clinical and diagnostic findings and treatment options in patients with GACR.

Keywords:
Ophthalmology
Retina
Gyrate atrophy
Inborn errors of metabolism
Retinal dystrophies
OAT
Rare diseases
Resumen

La atrofia girata de la coroides y la retina (GACR) es una enfermedad infrecuente de herencia autosómica recesiva caracterizada por la elevación del nivel de ornitina en plasma debido a la deficiencia de la enzima ornitina aminotransferasa (OAT). La acumulación de este aminoácido en plasma conduce al desarrollo de parches de atrofia coriorretiniana en retina periférica que se extienden hasta el área macular. Los pacientes generalmente presentan ceguera nocturna seguida de constricción del campo visual y, finalmente, disminución de la visión central y ceguera. Esta enfermedad se diagnostica por la presencia del cuadro clínico característico, la presencia de hiperornitinemia en plasma y la detección de mutaciones en el gen de la enzima OAT. Actualmente no existe una terapia génica eficaz y la intervención terapéutica más frecuente implica principalmente modificaciones dietéticas con restricción de arginina.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo resumir la patogénesis, hallazgos clínicos y diagnósticos y las opciones de tratamiento en pacientes con GACR.

Palabras clave:
Oftalmología
Retina
Atrofia girata
Errores congénitos del metabolismo
Distrofias retinianas
OAT
Enfermedades raras

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