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Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo

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Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo Utilidad del uso de la ultrasonografía para los accesos vasculares en los difer...
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Vol. 25. Núm. 3.
Páginas 451-578 (Julio - Septiembre 2025)
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2781
Vol. 25. Núm. 3.
Páginas 451-578 (Julio - Septiembre 2025)
Revisión

Utilidad del uso de la ultrasonografía para los accesos vasculares en los diferentes escenarios de la atención en salud: una revisión de alcance

Utility of the use of ultrasonography for vascular access in different health care settings: A scoping review
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Juan Santiago Serna-Trejosa,
Autor para correspondencia
juansantiagosernatrejos@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Stefanya Geraldine Bermúdez-Moyanob, Carlos Andrés Castro-Galvisc, Maria Alejandra Londoño-Osoriod, Laura Catalina Rodríguez-Fonsecae, David Altman-Salcedof, Virginia Zarama-Córdobag
a Medicina Interna, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
b Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo, Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia
c Medicina de Urgencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali, Colombia
d Medicina Interna, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
e Radiología e Imágenes Diagnósticas, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
f Unidad de Cuidado Especial, Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia
g Medicina de Urgencias, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
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Resumen

La inserción del acceso vascular central es crucial en el 75% de los pacientes en las unidades de cuidados intensivos para la administración de medicamentos venotóxicos, la monitorización hemodinámica y la nutrición parenteral. Los sitios comunes de inserción incluyen la vena yugular interna, la vena subclavia o axilar proximal y la vena femoral, cada uno con riesgos específicos de complicaciones inmediatas y tardías. La guía ecográfica en tiempo real se ha destacado en la reducción de complicaciones inmediatas durante la inserción de catéteres venosos centrales, aunque su uso está limitado por la disponibilidad del equipo y la percepción de un procedimiento más largo. La guía ecográfica directa es superior a la indirecta en la reducción de complicaciones mecánicas, aunque su impacto en las tasas de infección sigue siendo debatido. La inserción infraclavicular se recomienda para minimizar complicaciones tardías, aunque su uso es menos frecuente debido a la percepción de mayor dificultad técnica y riesgo de neumotórax. Se aconseja un análisis ecográfico previo para detectar anomalías anatómicas y seleccionar el sitio óptimo de cateterización. Posteriormente, un análisis ecográfico vascular, cardíaco, pleural y pulmonar ayuda a detectar y prevenir la malposición del catéter y las complicaciones pleuropulmonares. En cuanto a la canulación de la vena subclavia, la guía ecográfica en tiempo real ha mostrado mayores tasas de éxito y menores complicaciones, aunque la certeza de la evidencia es limitada. La ecografía bidimensional para la vena yugular interna reduce significativamente las complicaciones y mejora las tasas de éxito en el primer intento. Además, la guía ecográfica mejora las tasas de éxito y reduce las complicaciones en la canulación arterial y venosa periférica, demostrando ser más segura y eficiente para la inserción de catéteres para hemodiálisis comparada con los métodos basados en puntos de referencia anatómicos.

Palabras clave:
Cateterismo venoso central
Ecografía
Complicaciones relacionadas con el catéter
Vena subclavia
Vena yugular
Vena femoral
Educación médica
Abstract

The insertion of central vascular access is crucial in 75% of patients in intensive care units for the administration of venotoxic drugs, hemodynamic monitoring, and parenteral nutrition. Common insertion sites include the internal jugular vein, the subclavian or proximal axillary vein, and the femoral vein, each with specific risks of immediate and delayed complications. Real-time ultrasound guidance has been noted for reducing immediate complications during central venous catheter insertion, although its use is limited by equipment availability and the perception of a longer procedure. Direct ultrasound guidance is superior to indirect guidance in reducing mechanical complications, though its impact on infection rates remains debated. Infraclavicular insertion is recommended to minimize delayed complications, though its use is less frequent due to perceived technical difficulty and the risk of pneumothorax. A pre-procedural ultrasound analysis is advised to detect anatomical anomalies and select the optimal site for catheterization. Subsequently, a vascular, cardiac, pleural, and pulmonary ultrasound analysis helps detect and prevent catheter malposition and pleuropulmonary complications. For subclavian vein cannulation, real-time ultrasound guidance has shown higher success rates and fewer complications, although the certainty of the evidence is limited. Two-dimensional ultrasound for the internal jugular vein significantly reduces complications and improves first-attempt success rates. Additionally, ultrasound guidance improves success rates and reduces complications in arterial and peripheral venous cannulation, proving to be safer and more efficient for hemodialysis catheter insertion compared to methods based on anatomical landmarks.

Keywords:
Central venous catheterization
Ultrasound
Catheter-related complications
Subclavian vein
Yugular vein
Femoral vein
Medical education

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