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Enfermería Intensiva (English Edition) Incidence of adverse events in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement ...
Journal Information
Vol. 36. Issue 3.
(July - September 2025)
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1
Vol. 36. Issue 3.
(July - September 2025)
Original article
Incidence of adverse events in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy anticoagulated with sodium citrate
Incidencia de complicaciones en pacientes sometidos a terapia de reemplazo renal continuo anticoagulada con citrato sódico
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Juan Carlos Muñoz-Camargo
Corresponding author
, Inmaculada Vázquez-Rodríguez-Barbero, Alicia Muñoz-Torrero-Peña, Amadeo Puebla-Martín
Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Tables (5)
Table 1. Solutions of citrate therapy.
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Table 2. CVVHDF mode.
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Table 3. Characteristics of the sample.
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Table 4. Type of vascular access and adverse events detected.
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Table 5. Acid-base and electrolyte disturbances.
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Abstract
Introduction

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients with high morbidity and mortality.

Objective

To analyze the incidence of mechanical and metabolic adverse events associated with continuous renal replacement therapy using sodium citrate as a regional anticoagulant.

Material and methods

Observational, descriptive and prospective study performed in a polyvalent ICU during three years. Patients with AKI treated with renal replacement therapy and sodium citrate (Prismocitrate 18/0 mmol/L [0.5%]) were included. Patients with liver failure, active bleeding, severe thrombocytopenia, ICU stay of less than 24 h or treated with other anticoagulants were excluded. Demographic variables, severity index (APACHE II), vasoactive drug use, adverse events, and catheter characteristics were recorded. Anticoagulation efficacy was assessed with filter duration. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS v.28.0, with P < .05 as the significance level. The study was approved by the ethics committee and informed consent was obtained from the patients or their relatives.

Results

We studied 100 patients, 62% men, with a mean age of 63 ± 14.5 years. The main causes of AKI were septic shock, hemorrhagic shock and Covid-19. The median ICU stay was 16 days (RIC 8–43), with intra-ICU mortality of 48%. Therapy lasted a median of 60.5 h (RIC 38–107). Only one patient presented bleeding, and in 26% the filter coagulated. There were no cases of citrate toxicity. Electrolyte complications included hypocalcemia (45%), hypokalemia (41%), hyponatremia (36%) and metabolic acidosis (30%).

Conclusions

Mechanical and metabolic complications are common in continuous renal replacement therapies with sodium citrate. It is essential for ICU staff to be aware of their high prevalence in order to optimize clinical management.

Keywords:
Acute renal failure
Continuous renal replacement therapy
Hemodiafiltration
Anticoagulation
Sodium citrate
Critical care
Resumen
Introducción

La lesión renal aguda (LRA) es una complicación frecuente en pacientes de Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) con alta morbimortalidad.

Objetivo

Analizar la incidencia de eventos adversos mecánicos y metabólicos asociados con la terapia de reemplazo renal continuo usando citrato sódico como anticoagulante regional.

Material y métodos

Estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo realizado en una UCI polivalente durante tres años. Se incluyeron pacientes con LRA tratados con terapia de reemplazo renal y citrato sódico (Prismocitrate 18/0 mmol/L [0,5%]). Se excluyeron pacientes con insuficiencia hepática, hemorragia activa, trombocitopenia grave, estancia en UCI menor a 24 horas o tratados con otros anticoagulantes. Se registraron variables demográficas, índice de gravedad (APACHE II), uso de drogas vasoactivas, eventos adversos, y características del catéter. La eficacia de la anticoagulación se evaluó con la duración de los filtros. El análisis estadístico se realizó con SPSS v.28.0, con P < ,05 como nivel de significancia. El estudio contó con aprobación del comité ética y se obtuvo consentimiento informado de los pacientes o sus familiares.

Resultados

Se estudiaron 100 pacientes, 62% hombres, con edad media de 63 ± 14,5 años. Las principales causas de LRA fueron shock séptico, shock hemorrágico y Covid-19. La mediana de estancia en UCI fue de 16 días (RIC 8–43), con mortalidad intra-UCI del 48%. La terapia duró una mediana de 60,5 horas (RIC 38–107). Solo un paciente presentó sangrado, y en el 26% se coaguló el filtro. No hubo casos de toxicidad al citrato. Las complicaciones electrolíticas incluyeron hipocalcemia (45%), hipopotasemia (41%), hiponatremia (36%) y acidosis metabólica (30%).

Conclusiones

Las complicaciones mecánicas y metabólicas son comunes en terapias de reemplazo renal continuo con citrato sódico. Es esencial que el personal de UCI esté atento a su alta prevalencia para optimizar el manejo clínico.

Palabras clave:
Insuficiencia renal aguda
Terapia de reemplazo renal continua
Hemodiafiltración
Anticoagulación
Citrato de sodio
Cuidados críticos

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