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Available online 5 December 2023
Imaging features at the time of diagnosis of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma in children
Diagnóstico inicial del osteosarcoma y sarcoma de Ewing en la edad pediátrica
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C. Moreno-Reina
Corresponding author
morenoreinacristina@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, M. Bueno-Gómez, J.I. Guitiérrez-Carrasco, P. Caro-Domínguez
Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
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Received 02 June 2023. Accepted 05 September 2023
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Table 1. Survival analysis (Kaplan–Meier).
Table 2. Bivariate and multivariate analysis to estimate the prognostic value/survival of multiple clinical and imaging features of 83 children with osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma.
Table 3. Clinical, pathologic and radiological characteristics of 83 children with Ewing sarcoma or osteosarcoma.
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Abstract
Introduction

Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma are the most frequent malignant bone tumours in children. The aim of this study is to characterize clinical and radiological features at presentation of a large cohort of children with these diseases, radiological findings useful to differentiate them and the main prognostic factors.

Material and methods

Retrospective analysis of clinical and imaging findings of 83 children diagnosed and treated of Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma in a paediatric hospital during a period of 10 years.

Results

Both tumours showed aggressive radiological features such as permeative or moth-eaten margins, cortical disruption, discontinuous periosteal reaction, intense contrast uptake, tumoral necrosis and soft-tissue component. They differed in their location, osseous matrix and gender predilection. Osteosarcoma occurred more frequently in the metaphysis of long bones (62%) with a blastic appearance (53%). Ewing sarcoma showed a predilection for male patients (71%), occurred in flat bones (42%) and in the diaphysis of long bones (58%) with a lytic appearance (82%). 29% of children presented with primary metastasis, most frequently located in the lungs. Survival rates were 78% in OS and 76% in Ewing sarcoma. Metastatic disease, aggressive radiological features and low percentage of tumoral necrosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were associated with poor prognosis (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Imaging can confidently diagnose malignant paediatric bone tumours in children and may differentiate Ewing sarcoma from osteosarcoma, based on gender, location and appearance of the neoplasm. Metastatic disease, presence of aggressive radiological features and low percentage of tumoral necrosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were associated with poor prognosis.

Keywords:
Osteosarcoma
Sarcoma
Ewing
Pediatrics
Bone neoplasms
Resumen
Introducción

El osteosarcoma y el sarcoma de Ewing son los tumores óseos más frecuentes en niños. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las características clínicas y radiológicas en el momento de la presentación de una amplia cohorte de niños con estas enfermedades, los hallazgos radiológicos útiles para diferenciarlas y los principales factores pronósticos.

Materiales y métodos

Análisis retrospectivo de los hallazgos clínicos y de imagen de 83 niños diagnosticados y tratados de sarcoma de Ewing y osteosarcoma en un hospital pediátrico durante un periodo de 10 años.

Resultados

Ambos tumores presentaban características radiológicas agresivas como márgenes permeables o apolillados, disrupción cortical, reacción perióstica discontinua, intensa captación de contraste, necrosis tumoral y componente de partes blandas. Se diferenciaban en su localización, matriz ósea y su predilección por sexo. El osteosarcoma se presentó con mayor frecuencia en la metáfisis de los huesos largos (62%) con una apariencia blástica (53%). El sarcoma de Ewing mostró predilección por los pacientes varones (71%), se presentó en los huesos planos (42%) y en la diáfisis de los huesos largos (58%) con una apariencia lítica (82%). El 29% de los niños presentaba metástasis primaria, localizada con mayor frecuencia en los pulmones. Las tasas de supervivencia fueron del 78% en el osteosarcoma y del 76% en el sarcoma de Ewing. La enfermedad metastásica, características radiológicas agresivas y un bajo porcentaje de necrosis tumoral tras la quimioterapia neoadyuvante se asociaron a un mal pronóstico (p < 0,05).

Conclusiones

Las técnicas de imagen permiten diagnosticar con seguridad los tumores óseos pediátricos malignos en niños y puede diferenciar el sarcoma de Ewing del osteosarcoma en función del sexo, la localización y la apariencia de la neoplasia. La enfermedad metastásica, la presencia de características radiológicas agresivas y un bajo porcentaje de necrosis tumoral tras la quimioterapia neoadyuvante se asociaron a un mal pronóstico.

Palabras clave:
Osteosarcoma
Sarcoma
Ewing
Pediatría
Neoplasias óseas

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