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Original article
Available online 7 October 2022
Development and validation of a low-cost laparoscopic simulation box
Desarrollo y validación de un simulador laparoscópico de bajo coste
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Nerea Martín-Calvoa,b,c,
Corresponding author
nmartincalvo@unav.es

Corresponding author at: Department of Preventive Medicien and Public Health, Medical School, University of Navarra, Calle Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
, Beatriz Gómezd, Nieves Díeze, Marcos Llorentef, Secundino Fernándezf, Ane Ferreiro Abalg, Francisco Javier Pueyoh
a University of Navarra, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
b CIBER-obn, Institute Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
c IdiSNA, Institute of Health Research of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
d University of Navarra, Faculty of Medicine, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
e University of Navarra, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
f Medical Engineering Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
g University of Navarra, School of Engineering, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
h Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Critical Care, University of Navarra Clinic, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
This item has received
Received 18 May 2022. Accepted 19 July 2022
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Abstract
Introduction

The acquisition of laparoscopic technique skills in an operating room is conditioned by the expertise of the tutor and the number of training interventions by the trainee. For students and surgeons to use a laparoscopic simulator to train their skills, it must be validated beforehand.

Methods

A laparoscopic simulator box was designed, along with 6 interchangeable training games. The simulator was validated by a group of 19 experts, physicians with an experience from at least 100 laparoscopic surgeries, and 20 students of 4th to 6th grades of medical school (non-experts). To evaluate its construct validity, time-to-completion and the number of successfully completed games were assessed. We used 11 and 9-item questionnaires to gather information on content and face validity respectively. In both questionnaires, answers were collected through Likert-type scales, scored from 1 to 5.

Results

The group of experts required less time and successfully completed more games than the group of non-experts (p < 0.01). The group of non-experts gave a score ≥4 points on each of the questions regarding the content validity of the tool, however, the experts rated with a significant lower mean score the need for the simulator to learn the surgical technique (3.68 points; p < 0.01). Regarding the face validity, all items were graded with a score ≥4 points except for the question relating to the spatial realism (3.82 points).

Conclusion

The laparoscopy simulation box and the games were valid means for training surgeons and medical students to develop the skills required for the laparoscopic technique.

Keywords:
Laparoscopy
Simulation box
Validation study
Construct validity
Content validity
Face validity
Resumen
Introducción

La adquisición de las habilidades propias de la técnica laparoscópica en quirófano está condicionada por la experiencia del tutor y el número de intervenciones que realiza el aprendiz. Para que los estudiantes y cirujanos en formación utilicen un simulador laparoscópico para entrenar sus habilidades es importante que este esté previamente validado.

Métodos

Se diseñó una caja de simulación laparoscópica, junto con 6 juegos de entrenamiento intercambiables. El simulador fue validado por un grupo de 19 expertos, médicos con experiencia de al menos 100 cirugías laparoscópicas y 20 estudiantes de 4° a 6° del Grado en Medicina (no expertos). Para evaluar su validez de constructo, se evaluó el tiempo hasta la finalización y el número de juegos completados con éxito. Se utilizaron cuestionarios de 11 y 9 ítems para recopilar información sobre la validez de contenido y la validez aparente, respectivamente. En ambos cuestionarios, las respuestas se recogieron con escalas tipo Likert de 1 a 5.

Resultados

El grupo de expertos necesitó menos tiempo y completó con éxito más juegos que el grupo de no expertos (p < 0.01). El grupo de no expertos puntuó con ≥ 4 puntos cada una de las preguntas relativas a la validez del contenido, sin embargo, el grupo de experto dio una puntuación significativamente menor la necesidad del simulador para aprender la técnica laparoscópica (3,68 puntos; p < 0,01). En cuanto a la validez aparente, todos los ítems fueron calificados con una puntuación ≥ 4 puntos excepto el relativo al realismo espacial (3,82 puntos).

Conclusión

La caja de simulación de laparoscopia y los juegos que desarrollamos son válidos para que cirujanos y estudiantes de medicina desarrollen las habilidades necesarias para la cirugía laparoscópica.

Palabras clave:
Laparoscopia
Caja de simulación
Estudio de validación
Validez de constructo
Validez de contenido
Validez aparente

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