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Revista de Psicodidáctica (English Edition) Moral courage and defending behaviors in the face of bullying: A longitudinal st...
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Available online 13 November 2025
Moral courage and defending behaviors in the face of bullying: A longitudinal study with Primary and Secondary School students
Coraje moral y conductas de defensa ante el acoso escolar: un estudio longitudinal con escolares de Educación Primaria y Educación Secundaria
Paula García-Carrera, Rosario Ortega-Ruiz, Antonio Camacho, Eva M. Romera
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eva.romera@uco.es

Corresponding author.
Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
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Table 1. Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations
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Table 2. Differences by gender and educational stage
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Table 3. Fit indices for measurement invariance by gender and educational stage
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Abstract

While defending victims is recognized as a key behavior in anti-bullying interventions, the specific role of moral courage in its activation needs to be explored using a longitudinal approach. This study analyzes the association of moral courage with different forms of defense against peer harassment, as well as the possible moderating effect of gender and educational stage. The sample was composed of 540 schoolchildren in grades 5 and 6 (primary education) and grades 7 through 9 (lower secondary education) (53% girls; Mage = 12.6, SD = 1.5), who reported having witnessed situations of bullying in recent months. Using a structural equation model with multigroup analysis, the relationship between moral courage and four forms of defensive behavior were examined: comforting the victim, reporting to authority, employing solution-focused strategies, and aggressively defending the victim. Moral courage showed positive and significant associations with prosocial behaviors (comforting, reporting, and problem-solving), but not with aggressive defense in the overall model. However, the multigroup analysis revealed differential effects: moral courage was associated with aggressive defense by boys and students in primary education, and its influence on comforting the victim was greater in primary education than at the secondary level. These findings underscore the relevance of moral courage as an engine of prosocial action, shaped by developmental and contextual variables.

Keywords:
Moral cognition
Defending behaviours
Gender
Educational stage
Multi-group model
Resumen

Si bien la defensa de las víctimas se reconoce como un comportamiento clave en la intervención contra el acoso escolar, el papel específico del coraje moral en su activación requiere ser explorado desde un enfoque longitudinal. El presente estudio analiza la asociación del coraje moral con las distintas formas de defensa ante el acoso entre iguales, así como el posible efecto moderador del género y la etapa educativa. La muestra ha estado compuesta por 540 escolares de 5.º y 6.º de Educación Primaria y de 1.º a 3.º de Educación Secundaria (53% chicas; Medad = 12.6, DT = 1.5), que han afirmado haber presenciado situaciones de acoso escolar en los últimos meses. Mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales con análisis multigrupo, se ha examinado la relación entre el coraje moral y cuatro formas de conducta defensiva: consolar a la víctima, informar a figuras de autoridad, emplear estrategias centradas en la solución y defender agresivamente. El coraje moral ha mostrado asociaciones positivas y significativas con las conductas prosociales (consolar, informar y solucionar), pero no con la defensa agresiva en el modelo general. Sin embargo, el análisis multigrupo ha revelado efectos diferenciales: el coraje moral se ha asociado con la defensa agresiva en chicos y en estudiantes de Educación Primaria, y su influencia sobre el consuelo a la víctima ha sido mayor en Educación Primaria que en Educación Secundaria. Estos hallazgos subrayan la relevancia del coraje moral como motor de la acción prosocial, condicionado por variables evolutivas y contextuales.

Palabras clave:
Cognición moral
Comportamientos de defensa
Género
Etapa educativa
Modelo multigrupo

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