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Cirugía Española (English Edition) Organ preservation in rectal cancer: Clinical basis of the watch-and-wait strate...
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Vol. 104. Issue 1.
(January 2026)
Special article

Organ preservation in rectal cancer: Clinical basis of the watch-and-wait strategy

Preservación del órgano en cáncer de recto: fundamentos clínicos de la estrategia watch-and-wait
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Rosa M. Jimenez-Rodrigueza,1,
Corresponding author
ros_j_r@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Fátima Aguilar-del-Castilloa,1, Felipe Quezada-Diazb, Julio García-Aguilarc
a Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
b Complejo Asistencial Dr. Sótero del Río, Santiago de Chile, Chile
c Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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Special issue
This article is part of special issue:
Rectal Cancer Treatment: The Future is already the Present

Edited by: Dr. Calos Cerdán
Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo. Unidad de Cirugía Digestiva. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa. Madrid
Dr. Matteo Frasson
Cirugía general. Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe. Valencia

Last update: January 2026

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Abstract

Locally advanced rectal cancer has traditionally been treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, followed by total mesorectal excision (TME)—a technique that is effective but associated with high morbidity and functional impairment. The identification of patients with a clinical complete response (cCR) after treatment has driven the adoption of the “Watch-and-Wait” (W&W) strategy, aimed at avoiding surgery without compromising oncologic safety. Current evidence, drawn from international series, multicentre records, and clinical trials, supports the view that W&W offers overall survival and disease-free survival rates comparable to those of radical surgery, with clear advantages in organ preservation and quality of life. However, this strategy requires careful patient selection, standardised re-evaluation protocols, and intensive follow-up in specialised centres. In summary, W&W has become a valid and safe alternative to surgical treatment in selected patients with rectal cancer following neoadjuvant therapy.

Keywords:
Rectal cancer
Total mesolectal excision
Watch-and-wait
Organ preservation treatments
Oncological survival
Resumen

El cáncer de recto localmente avanzado ha sido tradicionalmente tratado con radioquimioterapia neoadyuvante, seguida de escisión total del mesorrecto (ETM), una técnica eficaz pero asociada a elevada morbilidad y deterioro funcional. La identificación de pacientes con respuesta clínica completa (RCC) tras el tratamiento ha impulsado la estrategia watch-and-wait (W&W), con el objetivo de evitar la cirugía sin comprometer la seguridad oncológica. La evidencia actual, procedente de series internacionales, registros multicéntricos y ensayos clínicos, respalda que W&W ofrece tasas de supervivencia global y libre de enfermedad comparables a las de la cirugía radical, con claras ventajas en preservación del órgano y calidad de vida. No obstante, esta estrategia requiere una cuidadosa selección de pacientes, protocolos estandarizados de reevaluación y seguimiento intensivo en centros especializados. En conjunto, W&W se ha consolidado como una alternativa válida y segura al tratamiento quirúrgico en pacientes seleccionados con cáncer de recto tras terapia neoadyuvante.

Palabras clave:
Cáncer de recto
Escisión total del mesorrecto
Watch-and-wait
Tratamientos de preservación de órganos
Supervivencia oncológica

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