Buscar en
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Toda la web
Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Pruebas moleculares en el diagnóstico de la gastroenteritis aguda causada por v...
Información de la revista
Vol. 26. Núm. S9.
Utilidad de la biología molecular en el diagnóstico microbiológico
Páginas 81-85 (Julio 2008)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 26. Núm. S9.
Utilidad de la biología molecular en el diagnóstico microbiológico
Páginas 81-85 (Julio 2008)
Acceso a texto completo
Pruebas moleculares en el diagnóstico de la gastroenteritis aguda causada por virus
Molecular methods for the diagnosis of acute viral gastroenteritis
Visitas
5619
Milagrosa Montesa,
Autor para correspondencia
milagrosa.montesros@osakidetza.net

Correspondencia: Servicio de Microbiologia. Hospital Donosti. P.° Dr. Beguiristain, s/n, 20009 San Sebastián. Guipúzcoa. España.
, Miren Iturriza-Gómarab
a Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Donostia. San Sebastián. Guipúzcoa. España
b Enteric Virus Unit. Virus Reference Department. Centre for Infections. Health Protection Agency. London. United Kingdom
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas

La gastroenteritis aguda (GEA) es una causa importante de mortalidad y morbilidad en todo el mundo. Los virus son la causa de la mayoría de los episodios que ocurren en Europa, entre los que destacan los rotavirus en menores de 2 años y los norovirus en edades superiores. Hasta ahora, con las técnicas de diagnóstico convencionales, había una importante brecha diagnóstica, y en un 60-70% de los casos de GEA quedaba sin conocer su agente causal. La mayoría de los casos en los que desconocemos el agente etiológico son probablemente de origen viral. Con la aplicación de técnicas de biología molecular (amplificación de ácidos nucleicos) en el diagnóstico de la GEA, se aumentan los índices de diagnóstico etiológico, al ser las técnicas moleculares muy sensibles y específicas. Los patógenos más favorecidos son los virus, en especial norovirus y rotavirus. Los norovirus constituyen un importante problema de salud pública, por su elevada incidencia y transmisibilidad, y son una causa común de brotes de GEA en todo el mundo. Los rotavirus constituyen la primera causa de GEA grave infantil en el mundo. Además de herramienta diagnóstica, las técnicas moleculares son imprescindibles para la caracterización genética de las cepas circulantes. Gracias a los métodos moleculares se conocerá la verdadera incidencia de la GEA causada por virus y se podrá investigar el papel de nuevos virus en esta entidad clínica tan frecuente.

Palabras clave:
Biología molecular
Gastroenteritis aguda
Diarrea infecciosa
Virus
Norovirus
Rotavirus

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Europe, viruses are responsible for most episodes of gastroenteritis, and among these, rotaviruses are associated with most AGE in children under the age of 2 years, and noroviruses in older ages. Classical methods for laboratory diagnosis leave between 60 and 70% of cases undiagnosed. Most cases in which the etiology is unknown are probably caused by viruses. Through the use of molecular methods (nucleic acid amplification) with greatly improved sensitivity and specificity, this diagnostic gap in AGE can be greatly reduced. Molecular methods are particularly advantageous in the detection of viruses, and in particular, in that of noroviruses and rotaviruses. The high incidence and transmissibility of noroviruses has a major impact on public health, and noroviruses are the major cause of outbreaks of AGE worldwide. Rotaviruses are the major cause of severe acute infantile AGE throughout the world. As well as serving as tools for diagnosis, molecular methods are essential for the genetic characterization of co-circulating strains. Through the use of molecular methods, the true incidence of viral AGE can be more accurately established, and the role of novel viruses in this highly common syndrome can be assessed.

Key words:
Molecular biology
Acute gastroenteritis
Infectious diarrhoea
Virus
Norovirus
Rotavirus
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
U.D. Parashar, C.J. Gibson, J.S. Bresse, R.I. Glass.
Rotavirus and severe childhood diarrhea.
Emerg Infect Dis, 12 (2006), pp. 304-306
[2.]
R.E. Black, S.S. Morris, J. Bryce.
Where and why are 10 million children dying every year?.
Lancet, 361 (2003), pp. 2226-2234
[3.]
M. Kosek, C. Bern, R.L. Guerrant.
The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000.
Bull World Health Organ, 81 (2003), pp. 197-204
[4.]
S. Alain, F. Denis.
Epidemiology of infectious acute diarrhoea in France and Europe.
Arch Pediatr, 14 (2007), pp. S132-S144
[5.]
R. Simpson, S. Aliyu, M. Iturriza-Gómara, U. Desselberger, J. Gray.
Infantile viral gastroenteritis: on the way to closing the diagnostic gap.
J Med Virol, 70 (2003), pp. 258-262
[6.]
C.F. Amar, C.L. East, J. Gray, M. Iturriza-Gomara, E.A. Maclure, J. McLauchlin.
Detection by PCR of eight groups of enteric pathogens in 4,627 faecal samples: re-examination of the English case-control Infectious Intestinal Disease Study (1993-1996).
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 26 (2007), pp. 311-323
[7.]
P.H. Dennehy, D.R. Gauntlett, W.E. Tente.
Comparison of nine commercial immunoassays for the detection of rotavirus in fecal specimens.
J Clin Microbiol, 26 (1988), pp. 1630-1634
[8.]
F. Bon, P. Fascia, M. Dauvergne, D. Tenenbaum, H. Planson, A.M. Petion, et al.
Prevalence of group A rotavirus, human calicivirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus type 40 and 41 infections among children with acute gastroenteritis in Dijon, France.
J Clin Microbiol, 37 (1999), pp. 3055-3058
[9.]
X.L. Pang, S. Honma, S. Nakata, T. Vesikari.
Human caliciviruses in acute gastroenteritis of young children in the community.
J Infect Dis, 181 (2000), pp. S288-S294
[10.]
J. Vinjé, R.A. Hamidjaja, M.D. Sobsey.
Development and application of a capsid VP1 (region D) based reverse transcription PCR assay for genotyping of genogroup I and II noroviruses.
J Virol Methods, 116 (2004), pp. 109-117
[11.]
J.A. Burton-MacLeod, E.M. Kane, R.S. Beard, L.A. Hadley, R.I. Glass, T. Ando.
Evaluation and comparison of two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits for detection of antigenically diverse human noroviruses in stool samples.
J Clin Microbiol, 42 (2004), pp. 2587-2595
[12.]
E. De Bruin, E. Duizer, H. Vennema, M.P. Koopmans.
Diagnosis of Norovirus outbreaks by commercial ELISA or RT-PCR.
J Virol Methods, 137 (2006), pp. 259-264
[13.]
J.J. Gray, E. Kohli, F.M. Ruggeri, H. Vennema, A. Sánchez-Fauquier, E. Schreier, et al.
European multicenter evaluation of commercial enzyme immunoassays for detecting norovirus antigen in fecal samples.
Clin Vaccine Immunol, 14 (2007), pp. 1349-1355
[14.]
R.N. Gunson, J. Miller, W.F. Carman.
Comparison of real-time PCR and EIA for the detection of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis caused by norovirus.
Commun Dis Public Health, 6 (2003), pp. 297-299
[15.]
T. Kageyama, S. Kojima, M. Shinohara, K. Uchida, S. Fukushi, F.B. Hoshino, et al.
Broadly reactive and highly sensitive assay for Norwalk-like viruses based on real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR.
J Clin Microbiol, 41 (2003), pp. 1548-1557
[16.]
J. Green, C.I. Gallimore, J.P. Norcott, D. Lewis, D.W. Brown.
Broadly reactive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of SRSV-associated gastroenteritis.
J Med Virol, 47 (1995), pp. 392-398
[17.]
G. Cilla, E. Pérez-Trallero, L.D. Piñeiro, A. Iturzaeta, D. Vicente.
Hospitalizations for Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country), Spain.
Emerg Infect Dis, 5 (1999), pp. 834-835
[18.]
A. Gil, P. Carrasco, R. Jiménez, M. San-Martín, I. Oyagüez, A. González.
Burden of hospitalizations attributable to rotavirus infection in children in Spain, period 1999-2000.
Vaccine, 22 (2004), pp. 2221-2225
[19.]
T.K. Fischer.
Incidence of hospitalizations due to rotavirus gastroenteritis in Denmark.
Acta Paediatr, 90 (2001), pp. 1073-1075
[20.]
M.D. Charles, R.C. Holman, A.T. Curns, U.D. Parashar, R.I. Glass, J.S. Bresee.
Hospitalizations associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis in the United States, 1993-2002.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 25 (2006), pp. 489-493
[21.]
A. Sánchez-Fauquier, V. Montero, S. Moreno, M. Solé, J. Colomina, M. Iturriza-Gomara, et al.
Human rotavirus G9 and G3 as major cause of diarrhea in hospitalized children, Spain.
Emerg Infect Dis, 12 (2006), pp. 1536-1541
[22.]
M.S. Ho, R.I. Glass, P.F. Pinsky, L.J. Anderson.
Rotavirus as a cause of diarrheal morbidity and mortality in the United States.
J Infect Dis, 158 (1988), pp. 1112-1116
[23.]
P.K. Lorgelly, D. Joshi, M. Iturriza Gómara, C. Flood, C.A. Hughes, J. Dalrymple, et al.
Infantile gastroenteritis in the community: a cost-of-illness study.
Epidemiol Infect, 136 (2008), pp. 34-43
[24.]
G. Cilla, E. Pérez-Trallero, M.C. López-Lopategui, A. Gil Setas, M. Gomáriz.
Incidence, seasonality and serotypes of rotavirus in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country), Spain. A 14-year study.
Epidemiol Infect, 125 (2000), pp. 677-683
[25.]
C.J. Téllez Castillo, M.D. Tirado Balaguer, J. Colomer Revuelta, R. Moreno Muñoz, J.M. Beltrán Garrido.
Ten-year retrospective study of rotavirus infection in the province of Castellón (Spain).
An Pediatr (Barc), 68 (2008), pp. 39-44
[26.]
I. Banerjee, S. Ramani, B. Primrose, M. Iturriza-Gomara, J.J. Gray, D.W. Brown, et al.
Modification of rotavirus multiplex RT-PCR for the detection of G12 strains based on characterization of emerging G12 rotavirus strains from South India.
J Med Virol, 79 (2007), pp. 1413-1421
[27.]
C. Logan, J.J. O’Leary, N. O'Sullivan.
Real-time reverse transcription-PCR for detection of rotavirus and adenovirus as causative agents of acute viral gastroenteritis in children.
J Clin Microbiol, 44 (2006), pp. 3189-3195
[28.]
L.E. Unicomb, G. Podder, J.R. Gentsch, P.A. Woods, K.Z. Hasan, A.S. Faruque, et al.
Evidence of high-frequency genomic reassortment of group A rotavirus strains in Bangladesh: emergence of type G9 in 1995.
J Clin Microbiol, 37 (1999), pp. 1885-1891
[29.]
M. Rahman, J. Matthijnssens, X. Yang, T. Delbeke, I. Arijs, K. Taniguchi, et al.
Evolutionary history and global spread of the emerging G12 human rotaviruses.
J Virol, 81 (2007), pp. 2382-2390
Copyright © 2008. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos