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Inicio Medicina Clínica (English Edition) Role of vaccination and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the clinical outcome of ho...
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Vol. 160. Issue 11.
Pages 476-483 (June 2023)
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Vol. 160. Issue 11.
Pages 476-483 (June 2023)
Original article
Role of vaccination and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the clinical outcome of hospitalized COVID-19 patients
Papel de la vacunación y los anticuerpos anti-SARS-CoV-2 en el desenlace clínico de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19
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Enrique Bernala,e,
Corresponding author
ebm.hgurs@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Eva García-Villalbab,e, Eduardo Ponsa,e, Maria Rosario Vicentec,e, Cristina Tomása,e, Alfredo Minguelad,e, GERS
a Infectious Disease Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
b Internal Medicine Service, Los Arcos del Mar Menor Hospital and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
c Microbiology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
d Immunology Service, Virgen de la Arrrixaca University Clinical Hospital (HCUVA), Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
e Laboratory Medicine Department, Reina Sofia University Hospital and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
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Abstract
Background

Although vaccination has considerably reduced the risk of hospitalization and death from COVID19, the impact of vaccination and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody status on the outcome of patients who required hospitalization has been poorly investigated.

Material and methods

A prospective observational study in 232 patients hospitalized for COVID19 was carried out from October 2021 to January 2022 to evaluate the role on patient outcome of their vaccination and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody status and titer, comorbidities, analytical determinations, clinical presentation at admission, treatments and requirements for respiratory support. Cox regression and survival analyzes were performed. The SPSS and “R” programs were used.

Results

Patients with complete vaccination schedule had higher S-protein antibody titers (log10 3.73 [2.83–4.6]UI/ml vs 1.6 [2.99–2.61]UI/ml; p<0.001), lower probability of radiographic worsening (21.6% vs. 35.4%; p=0.005), less likely required high doses of dexamethasone (28.4% vs. 45.4%; p=0.012), high-flow oxygen (20.6% vs. 35.4%; p=0.02), ventilation (13.7% vs, 33.8%; p=0.001) and intensive care admissions (10.8% vs. 32.6%; p<0.001). Remdesivir (HR=0.38; p<0.001) and complete vaccination schedule (HR=0.34; p=0.008) were protective factors. No differences in antibody status were detected between groups (HR=0.58; p=0.219).

Conclusions

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was associated with higher S-protein antibody titers and lower probability of radiological progression, immunomodulators requirement and respiratory support or death. However, vaccination but not antibody titters protected from adverse events pointing a role of immune-protective mechanisms in addition to humoral response.

Keywords:
SARS-COV-2
COVID-19
Vaccination
Hospitalized
Antibody
Resumen
Antecedentes

Aunque la vacunación ha reducido considerablemente el riesgo de hospitalización y muerte por COVID-19, se ha investigado poco el impacto de la vacunación y el estado de los anticuerpos anti-SARS-CoV-2 en la evolución de los pacientes que requieren hospitalización.

Material y métodos

Se realizó un estudio observacional prospectivo en 232 pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 desde octubre del 2021 hasta enero del 2022 para evaluar el impacto en la evolución clínica del estado vacunal, el título de anticuerpos anti-SARS-CoV-2, la presencia de comorbilidades, analítica, la clínica al ingreso, tratamientos y soporte respiratorio. Se realizaron análisis de supervivencia y regresión de Cox. Se utilizaron los programas SPSS y «R».

Resultados

Los pacientes con esquema de vacunación completo presentaron títulos de anticuerpos contra la proteína S más elevados (log10 3,73 [2,83-4,6] UI/mL vs. 1,6 [2,99-2,61] UI/mL; p < 0,001), menor probabilidad de empeoramiento radiográfico (21,6 vs. 35,4%; p = 0,005), requirieron con menor probabilidad dosis elevadas de dexametasona (28,4 vs. 45,4%; p = 0,012), oxígeno de alto flujo (20,6 vs. 35,4%; p = 0,02), ventilación (13,7 vs. 33,8%; p = 0,001) e ingresos en cuidados intensivos (10,8 vs. 32,6%; p < 0,001). El remdesivir (HR = 0,38; p < 0,001) y el esquema completo de vacunación (HR = 0,34; p = 0,008) fueron factores protectores de mala evolución. No se detectaron diferencias en el estado de los anticuerpos entre los grupos (HR = 0,58; p = 0,219).

Conclusiones

La vacunación contra el SARS-CoV-2 se asoció con mayores títulos de anticuerpos contra la proteína S y menor probabilidad de progresión radiológica, requerimiento de inmunomoduladores y soporte respiratorio o muerte. Sin embargo, la vacunación, pero no los títulos de anticuerpos, protegió de los eventos adversos, lo que indica un papel de los mecanismos de protección inmunológica además de la respuesta humoral.

Palabras clave:
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
Vacunación
Hospitalizado
Anticuerpo

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