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Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular (English Edition) Impact of perinodal infiltration on recurrence in papillary thyroid cancer
Journal Information
Original Article
Available online 15 July 2025
Impact of perinodal infiltration on recurrence in papillary thyroid cancer
Impacto de la Infiltración Perinodal en la Recurrencia del Carcinoma Papilar de Tiroides
A. Cinara, U.M. Turana, K. Okuyucub, N. Aydinbelge Dizdara, A. Erola, B. Bedi Alpaya, P. Akkus Gunduza, M. Ozkarac, D. Cayird, E. Alagozb, S. Inceb,
Corresponding author
drsemra@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
a Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
b University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Medical Faculty, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
c Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
d University of Health Sciences, Etlik City Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Tables (6)
Table 1. Recurrence sites in PNI (+) patients with papillary thyroid cancer.
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Table 2. Recurrence sites in PNI (−) patients with papillary thyroid cancer.
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Table 3. Statistical comparison between PNI (+) and PNI (−) patients with PTC based on demographic, clinicopathologic, prognostic and outcome variables.
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Table 4. Statistical comparison between recurrence (+) and recurrence (−) cases among PNI (+) patients with PTC based on demographic, clinicopathologic and prognostic variables.
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Table 5. Univariate Cox regression analysis identifying risk factors associated with recurrence in patients with PNI (+) PTC.
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Table 6. Multivariate Cox regression analysis assessing the independent effects of multiple risk factors on recurrence in patients with PTC.
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Abstract
Introduction and objectives

Locoregional recurrence occurs in up to 28% of patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Several risk factors contribute to this metastatic process. The latest of them is perinodal infiltration (PNI). PNI refers to the pathological extension of tumor cells through the lymph node (LN) capsule into the perinodal fibroadipose tissue. It has been accepted as a poor predictive variable. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of PNI in recurrence of PTC and identify predictive parameters associated with the recurrence in PNI (+) patients.

Material and methods

The study included 680 PTC patients with initial LN metastasis (ILNM). Study population was selected from them according to presence or absence of PNI. Eventually, 102 PNI (+) and 122 PNI (−) patients remained eligible for the study. Patients were statistically compared according to demographic, clinicopathologic features both between PNI (+) and PNI (−) groups and within the PNI (+) group over recurrence status.

Results

The recurrence rates were 40% and 15% in PNI (+) and PNI (−) patients, respectively (p < 0.001). The independent predictive factors associated with recurrence were central ILNM (p = 0.005), combined central and lateral ILNM (p = 0.003), ILNM > 5 (p = 0.023), stage III–IV (p = 0.025 and p < 0.001), tumor size (TS) (p < 0.001), ILNM size (p < 0.001), stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg) (p = 0.039). PNI (p = 0.05), central ILNM (p = 0.035) and TS (p = 0.027) remained prognostic variables after multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

PNI positivity is a poor prognostic factor for PTC recurrence. PNI, especially with large TS and central ILNM, should be taken into account when planning RAI therapy in PTC patients.

Keywords:
Papillary thyroid cancer
Perinodal infiltration
Recurrence
Predictor variable
Resumen
Introducción y objetivos

La recurrencia locorregional se presenta hasta en el 28% de los pacientes con carcinoma papilar de tiroides (CPT). Diversos factores de riesgo contribuyen a este proceso metastásico, siendo el más recientemente reconocido la infiltración perinodal (IPN). La IPN se define como la extensión patológica de células tumorales a través de la cápsula del ganglio linfático (GL) hacia el tejido fibroadiposo perinodal. Actualmente se considera un factor predictivo de mal pronóstico. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la importancia pronóstica de la IPN en la recurrencia del CPT e identificar los parámetros predictivos asociados a la recurrencia en pacientes con IPN positiva.

Materiales y métodos

El estudio se realizó en 680 pacientes con CPT y metástasis ganglionar inicial (MGI). La población del estudio se seleccionó en función de la presencia o ausencia de IPN. Finalmente, 102 pacientes con IPN (+) y 122 con IPN (−) cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se realizaron comparaciones estadísticas entre los grupos IPN (+) e IPN (−), así como dentro del grupo IPN (+) según el estado de recurrencia, teniendo en cuenta variables demográficas, clínicopatológicas, terapéuticas y de desenlace.

Resultados

Las tasas de recurrencia fueron del 40% en los pacientes con IPN (+) y del 15% en aquellos con IPN (–) (p < 0.001). Los factores predictivos independientes asociados con la recurrencia fueron: MGI central (p = 0.005), MGI central y lateral combinada (p = 0.003), más de 5 G L metastásicos iniciales (p = 0.023), estadios III–IV (p = 0.025 y p < 0.001), tamaño tumoral (TT) (p < 0.001), tamaño del GL metastásico inicial (p < 0.001) y niveles de tiroglobulina estimulada (sTg) (p = 0.039). Tras el análisis multivariado, la IPN (p = 0.05), la MGI central (p = 0.035) y el TT (p = 0.027) se mantuvieron como variables pronósticas significativas.

Conclusión

La positividad para IPN representa un factor pronóstico desfavorable para la recurrencia del CPT. La IPN, especialmente en presencia de un gran tamaño tumoral y MGI central, debe considerarse al planificar la terapia con yodo radiactivo (RAI) en pacientes con CPT.

Palabras clave:
Carcinoma papilar de tiroides
Infiltración perinodal
Recurrencia
Factor predictivo

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