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Radiología

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Radiología Embolización portal prequirúrgica
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Vol. 47. Núm. 3.
Páginas 119-176 (Mayo 2005)
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Vol. 47. Núm. 3.
Páginas 119-176 (Mayo 2005)

Embolización portal prequirúrgica

Presurgical Portal Embolization
Visitas
11736
José Ignacio Bilbaoa, Octavio Cosína, Gorka Bastarrikaa, Isabel Vivasa, Antonio Martínez de la Cuestaa, Fernando Rotellarb, Fernando Pardobb
a Servicio de Radiología. Clínica Universitaria de Navarra. Pamplona
b Servicio de Cirugía General y Digestiva. Clínica Universitaria de Navarra. Pamplona. España.
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En pacientes con tumores hepáticos, el tratamiento más eficaz es la cirugía. Sin embargo, no todos pueden ser tratados de esta manera. Uno de los motivos que contraindican el tratamiento quirúrgico es que el parénquima hepático que queda tras la resección de la zona tumoral sea insuficiente para asegurar la función hepática del paciente. Es conocido que el hepatocito, tras determinados estímulos, tiene la posibilidad de desdiferenciarse y clonarse. La embolización portal prequirúrgica (EPP) del volumen hepático que se va a resecar puede generar, tras este estímulo y respuesta (que será diferente en hígados fibróticos y no fibróticos), un crecimiento hepático que alcanzará niveles adecuados en 3-4 semanas. Por tanto, la EPP puede incrementar el número de candidatos a recibir tratamiento quirúrgico y, del mismo modo, puede disminuir la aparición de posibles complicaciones postoperatorias. En este artículo se presentan lo criterios de inclusión y exclusión que, de forma comúnmente aceptada, se utilizan para realizar una EPP. No hay acuerdo, sin embargo, sobre la técnica más adecuada para acceder al sistema portal, por ejemplo, la vía contralateral (con punción de los segmentos portales que no van a ser resecados) tiene considerables ventajas técnicas, pero pone en riesgo de trombosis a las ramas portales del tejido hepático sano. Son muchos los materiales embolizantes que se han usado en EPP, algunos autores recomiendan el empleo de «pegamentos», pues son relativamente sencillos de utilizar, de bajo coste y altamente eficaces pero, por otra parte, generan una importante inflamación periportal que puede dificultar la resección quirúrgica. Si se emplean partículas, éstas deben ser de un tamaño que oscile entre las 100 y las 300 micras. En conclusión, aunque todavía hay muchos aspectos de la EPP que requieren ser investigados, la técnica debería de estar disponible en todos los centros en los que se realice cirugía hepática, pues los beneficios clínicos derivados de ésta son muy satisfactorios.
Palabras clave:
Percutáneo
Tumores hepáticos
Embolización portal
Surgery is the most efficacious treatment for hepatic tumors; however, not all patients with hepatic tumors can be treated surgically. One condition in which surgery is contraindicated is when the amount of liver parenchyma remaining after resection of the affected zone is considered to be insufficient to ensure hepatic function. The hepatocyte is known to be able to dedifferentiate and clone itself after certain stimuli. Presurgical portal embolization (PPE) of the hepatic volume to be resected can generate hepatic growth after this stimulus and response (which will be different in fibrotic and nonfibrotic livers), achieving adequate levels within 3-4 weeks. Therefore, PPE can increase the number of candidates for surgical treatment and decrease the number of possible postsurgical complications. This article describes the commonly accepted inclusion and exclusion criteria used for PPE. There is no consensus, however, regarding the most appropriate technique for accessing the portal system. For example, the contralateral approach (with puncture of the portal segments that are not to be resected) has considerable technical advantages, but places the portal branches of healthy liver tissue at risk for thrombosis. Many different materials have been used for embolization in PPE. Some authors recommend the use of "glues", as these are relatively easy to use, low cost, and highly efficacious; however, they also generate significant periportal inflammation that can make surgical resection more difficult. If particles are used, they should measure between 100-300 micras. In conclusion, although many aspects of PPE still need to be investigated, this technique should be made available in all centers performing hepatic surgery, as it can result in significant clinical benefits.
Keywords:
Percutaneous
Hepatic tumors
Portal embolization

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