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Enfermería Intensiva (English Edition) The impact of COVID-19 vaccination on hospital costs in critically ill patients ...
Journal Information
Vol. 36. Issue 3.
(July - September 2025)
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7
Vol. 36. Issue 3.
(July - September 2025)
Original article
The impact of COVID-19 vaccination on hospital costs in critically ill patients in an intensive care unit during the pandemic
Impacto de la vacunación frente al COVID-19 en los costos hospitalarios en los enfermos ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos durante la cuarta, quinta y sexta oleada de la pandemia
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Alejandro González-Castroa,
Corresponding author
jandro120475@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, David Iglesiasa, Yhivian Peñascoa, Carmen Huertas Marína, Elena Cuenca-Fitoa, Trinidad Dierssen-Sotob, Reinhard Wallmannc, Raquel Ferrero-Francod, Camilo Gonzáleza, Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Borregána
a Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
b Departamento de Estadística y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
c Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Cantabria, Spain; Epidemiology and Public Health at the accredited sanitary institute IDIVAL and of the CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health, Spain
d Servicio Cántabro de Salud, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
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Tables (4)
Table 1. Main variables of the cohort admitted to the COVID-ICU during the period between March 2020 and March 2022.
Tables
Table 2. Comparison of clinical-epidemiological characteristics of patients categorised by groups, according to their vaccination status upon ICU admission.
Tables
Table 3. Comparative analysis between groups of the main variables associated to severity, diagnosis and cost per GRD.
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Table 4. Main outcome variables analysed between the different groups categorised by level of vaccination.
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Abstract
Background and objective

COVID-19 vaccination may alter the course of severe disease and influence hospital discharge costs. This study compares hospital discharge costs among ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients based on vaccination status, adjusted for All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (APR-DRG) and severity.

Patients and methods

A retrospective study (March 2020–March 2022) was conducted in an ICU, categorizing patients into three groups: unvaccinated, fully vaccinated, and partially vaccinated. Full vaccination included all required doses and boosters per the vaccination schedule. Disease severity was classified as mild, moderate, severe, and critical. Direct hospital costs, including ICU stay, medical procedures, medications, and life support, were analysed using data from Order SAN/35/2017, adjusted for inflation. Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests with Bonferroni correction were used for comparisons.

Results

A total of 456 patients were included: 262 (57%) unvaccinated, 32 (7%) partially vaccinated, and 162 (35%) fully vaccinated. Median costs were:

Unvaccinated: €10,653 (IQR: €6160–€18,274)

Partially vaccinated: €17,360 (IQR: €5061–€26,085)

Fully vaccinated: €10,653 (IQR: €6160–€26,085)

Cost differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.28). Critical severity patients had the highest costs, while mild cases had the lowest (p < 0.05). No significant cost differences were found within each severity level or in APR-DRG relative weight (p = 0.38).

Conclusions

No significant differences in hospital discharge costs by APR-DRG were found based on vaccination status. However, vaccination may reduce disease severity and the need for intensive resources, with potential economic and clinical implications for future research.

Keywords:
COVID-19
DRG
Costs
Pandemic
Resumen
Antecedentes y objetivo

La vacunación contra el COVID-19 puede modificar la evolución de la enfermedad grave e influir en los costos hospitalarios. Este estudio compara los costos al alta de pacientes con COVID-19 ingresados en UCI según su estado de vacunación, ajustados por Grupos Relacionados con el Diagnóstico y Ajustados por Riesgo de Paciente (GRD-APR) y severidad.

Pacientes y método

Estudio retrospectivo (marzo 2020-marzo 2022) en una UCI con pacientes divididos en tres grupos: no vacunados, vacunados con esquema completo e incompleto. La vacunación completa incluía todas las dosis necesarias y refuerzos según el calendario vacunal. La severidad de la enfermedad se clasificó en leve, moderada, severa y crítica. Se analizaron los costos hospitalarios directos, incluyendo estancia en UCI, procedimientos médicos, fármacos y soporte vital, con datos extraídos de la Orden SAN/35/2017 y ajustados por inflación. Se utilizaron pruebas de chi-cuadrado y Kruskal-Wallis con corrección de Bonferroni.

Resultados

Se incluyeron 456 pacientes: 262 (57%) no vacunados, 32 (7%) con vacunación incompleta y 162 (35%) vacunados completamente. Los costos medianos fueron:

No vacunados: 10.653 € (6.160−18.274 €)

Vacunación incompleta: 17.360 € (5.061−26.085 €)

Vacunados completos: 10.653 € (6.160−26.085 €)

Las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p = 0.28). Los pacientes con severidad crítica presentaron mayores costos, mientras que los leves tuvieron los más bajos (p < 0.05). No hubo diferencias significativas en costos dentro de cada nivel de severidad ni en el peso relativo del GRD-APR (p = 0.38).

Conclusiones

No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los costos hospitalarios por GRD-APR según el estado de vacunación. Sin embargo, la vacunación podría reducir la gravedad y la necesidad de recursos intensivos, con implicaciones económicas y clínicas futuras.

Palabras clave:
COVID-19
GRD
Costos
Pandemia

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