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Acta Otorrinolaringológica Española ENT pediatric infection diseases and its relationship with COVID-19. Results of ...
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Vol. 76. Issue 3.
(May - June 2025)
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Vol. 76. Issue 3.
(May - June 2025)
Original article
ENT pediatric infection diseases and its relationship with COVID-19. Results of a retrospective cohort study in Madrid, Spain
Infecciones pediátricas ORL y su relación con el COVID-19. Resultados de un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en Madrid, España
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Montserrat Asensi-Diaz
Corresponding author
, Monica Hernando Cuñado, Alex Lowy Benoliel, Juan Antonio Pasamontes Pingarron, Carlos Martin-Oviedo, Rosalia Souviron Encabo, Maria Scola Torres, Miguel Aristegui
Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Tables (5)
Table 1. Demographics of children with ENT surgical infections, grouped by time of presentation before, during and after introduction of COVID-19 measures (1st period: January 2018–May 2020, 2nd period: June 2020–February 2022, 3rd period: March 2022–December 2023).
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Table 2. Diagnosis and complementary tests variables of the sample, clustered in the 3 groups.
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Table 3. Microbiology of the sample, divided in the 3 groups.
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Table 4. Medical and surgical management of children of the sample.
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Table 5. Microbiology and treatment according to ENT areas.
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Abstract
Introduction

During the COVID-19 pandemic, ENT infections decreased but became more severe when combined with COVID-19. Post-pandemic, there has been a notable rise in ENT infections globally, particularly ear infections. In our region, we observed an increase in complicated pediatric ENT infections requiring urgent surgical intervention after the end of preventive measures. This study investigates the changes in ENT infection profiles in Madrid, Spain, following the pandemic.

Material and methods

We analyzed data from children who underwent urgent ENT surgical interventions at a Spanish tertiary hospital between January 2018 and December 2023. The data was divided into three groups: pre-pandemic (1st group), during the pandemic with preventive measures (2nd group), and post-pandemic after the removal of these measures (3rd group). Variables included demographics, clinical data, imaging, treatment, and hospitalization duration.

Results

The study involved 87 children (58.6% male) with a mean age of 6.4 years. There was a significant overall increase in ENT infections in the 3rd group compared to the 1st and 2nd groups (p = 0.036). Specifically, ear infections increased significantly after the removal of social measures (p = 0.033). In the 3rd group, Streptococcus pyogenes infections increased (p = 0.028), with Amoxicillin becoming the predominant treatment (p = 0.047), as opposed to Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid used for Fusobacterium in earlier periods (p = 0.00).

Discussion and conclusion

The pandemic has shifted the ENT infection profile, with increased ear infections and a rise in Group A streptococcus post-pandemic. This underscores the need for updated treatment strategies for pediatric ENT infections.

Keywords:
COVID-19
Pediatric infectious diseases
ENT
Resumen
Introducción

Durante la pandemia COVID-19, las infecciones ORL disminuyeron, pero se volvieron más graves cuando se combinaban con COVID-19. Tras la pandemia, ha habido un aumento notable en las infecciones ORL a nivel global, particularmente en infecciones otológicas. En nuestra región, hemos observado un incremento en las infecciones ORL pediátricas complicadas que requirieron intervención quirúrgica urgente tras la eliminación de las medidas preventivas sociales. El objetivo de este estudio es investigar el cambio en el perfil de infecciones ORL en Madrid (España) tras la pandemia.

Material y métodos

Analizamos los datos de aquellos niños que se sometieron a intervenciones quirúrgicas urgentes por infecciones ORL en un hospital terciario español entre enero de 2018 y diciembre de 2023. Los datos se dividieron en tres grupos: pre-pandemia (1º grupo), durante la pandemia con medidas preventivas (2º grupo) y post-pandemia tras la eliminación de estas medidas (3º grupo). Las variables analizadas incluyeron datos demográficos, clínicos, pruebas de imagen, tratamiento utilizado y tiempo de hospitalización.

Resultados

El estudio involucró a 87 niños (58,6% varones) con una edad media de 6,4 años. Hubo un aumento significativo en las infecciones ORL en el 3º grupo en comparación con los grupos 1º y 2º (p = 0.036). Específicamente, las infecciones otológicas aumentaron significativamente después de la eliminación de las medidas sociales (p = 0.033). En el 3º grupo, las infecciones por Streptococcus pyogenes aumentaron (p = 0.028), con la Amoxicilina convirtiéndose en el tratamiento predominante (p = 0.047), a diferencia de la Amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico que se utilizó para Fusobacterium en los periodos anteriores (p = 0.00).

Discusión y conclusion

La pandemia ha cambiado el perfil de las infecciones ORL, con un aumento en las infecciones otológicas y un incremento en el Streptococcus del grupo A post-pandemia. Esto subraya la necesidad de actualizar las estrategias de tratamiento para las infecciones ORL pediátricas.

Palabras clave:
COVID-19
enfermedades infecciosas pediátricas
ORL

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