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Acta Otorrinolaringológica Española Direct costs of unilateral cochlear implantation in people over 60 years
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Original article
Available online 5 December 2025
Direct costs of unilateral cochlear implantation in people over 60 years
Costes directos del implante coclear unilateral en personas mayores de 60 años
Beatriz Tena-Garcíaa,b, Sergio Barrientos Trigob, Francisco Ropero Romeroa, Serafín Sánchez-Gómeza,c,d,
Corresponding author
sanchezsg@us.es

Corresponding author.
a Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
b Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
c Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
d Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
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Tables (6)
Table 1. Sample characteristics.
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Table 2. Maximum gross salary costs in euros for public healthcare system staff involved in the direct care of people with cochlear implants by category and position. Source: Resolution 0003/2023 on the Remuneration of Healthcare Centre Staff for the 2023 Fiscal Year of the Directorate General of Personnel of the SAS (https://bit.ly/3WJbwE0).
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Table 3. Allocation of personnel costs per unit of work time performed for the different categories.
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Table 4. Allocation of the total personnel cost for cochlear implantation over the entire 23.3-year time horizon according to the CI clinical pathway of the HUVM Otorhinolaryngology Service, in what is considered standard care and with an allocation of healthcare times based on HUVM clinical management information.
Tables
Table 5. Sensitivity analysis of the costs generated in the CI process based on the life expectancy of each implanted individual, within a time horizon of 23.3 years. The death of an implanted individual before the expected life span at birth would entail a proportional reduction in costs associated with the renewal of the external sound processors they would no longer need and the personnel costs that would not be consumed.
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Table 6. Sensitivity analysis of the expected life spans of a patient aged 60 or older who receives an implant in Spain. Estimated future additional costs per patient distributed over 5-year periods. Costs of complications not included.
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Abstract
Background and objective

Unilateral cochlear implantation (CI) is the recommended treatment for profound sensorineural hearing loss in older adults when hearing aids fail to provide benefit. This study aimed to determine the direct costs associated with this procedure to support health‐care provider decision-making.

Materials and methods

A cross-sectional observational study was performed at a single-centertertiary hospital on 278 cochlear implant recipients aged 60 years or older between 2009 and 2020. A final sample of 71 subjects (37 women, 52.1%) was selected via stratified random sampling. A micro-costing (bottom-up) economic analysis was conducted. Direct costs were allocated according to the Framework Agreement and the Andalusian Health Service salary tables, including the device, allowances, personnel, surgery, hospitalisation, clinical follow‐up, complications, and technology upgrades. Costs were updated to 2024 € and calculated over a mean time horizon of 23.3 years.

Results

The mean age at CI was 67.7 ± 5.8 years. Complications occurred in 8.4% of patients, incorporating the costs of one explantation/reimplantation. The mean total cost per patient was € 44,555.08. Device acquisition and processor upgrades represented the largest share (93.58%, € 41,696), while personnel accounted for 6.41% (€ 2,859.08) and complications for 0.67% (€ 297).

Conclusions

The direct costs of a unilateral CI procedure in individuals over 60 amount to an investment of € 44,555.08, driven primarily by device and processor upgrade expenses. Personnel costs are low but involve substantial multiprofessional organisational complexity. Deriving direct costs from primary sources tied to a specific clinical pathway provides a more realistic estimate than probabilistic modelling and can aid health‐care administrations in decision-making.

Keywords:
Cochlear implant
Direct costs
Older adults
National health system
Public funding
Abbreviations:
AHS
CI
CT
HIS
HUVM
NAT
NHS
NMRI
OPS
ORL
PRF
QALY
WHO
Resumen
Antecedentes y objetivo

El implante coclear (IC) unilateral es el tratamiento recomendado para la sordera neurosensorial profunda en adultos mayores cuando los audífonos no dan respuesta. Se planteó el objetivo de conocer los costes directos asociados a este procedimiento para facilitar la toma de decisiones por el proveedor sanitario.

Material y métodos

Se llevó a cabo un estudio unicéntricotransversal observacional en un hospital terciario. Se realizó un análisis económico por microcosteo (bottom-up). Se imputaron los costes directossegún el Acuerdo Marco y las tablas salariales del Servicio Andaluz de Salud: dispositivo, complementos, personal, cirugía, hospitalización, seguimiento clínico, complicaciones y renovaciones tecnológicas. Se calculó el coste acumulado actualizado a euros de 2024 con un horizonte temporal medio de 23,3 años.

Resultados

Sobre 278 personas implantadas cocleares con 60 años o más entre 2009–2020, se incluyó finalmente una muestra de 71 individuos (37 mujeres, 52,1%) tras un muestreo aleatorio estratificado. La edad media al IC fue 67,7 ± 5,8 años. El 8,4% de los pacientes presentó complicaciones, asumiéndose los costes de 1 explantación/reimplantación. El coste total medio por paciente ascendió a 44.555,08€. La adquisición del dispositivo y renovación de procesadores representaron la mayor proporción (93,58%,41.696€), mientras que el personal supuso el 6,41% (2.859,08 €) y las complicaciones el 0,67% (297 €).

Conclusiones

Los costes directos de un proceso de IC unilateral en personas mayores de 60 años suponen una inversión de 44.555,08€, destacando principalmente los costes del dispositivo y la renovación de procesadores. El coste de personal es muy bajo, aunque implica una gran complejidad organizativa multiprofesional. La determinación de costes directos a partir de fuentes primarias asociados a una vía clínica específica es más representativa de la realidad que las estimaciones probabilísticas, y pueden facilitar a la administración sanitaria la toma de decisiones.

Palabras clave:
Implante coclear
Costes directos
Adultos mayores
Sistema Nacional de salud
Financiación pública
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