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Acta Otorrinolaringológica Española Assessing the role of adenoid biofilm on children in different ENT diseases. A s...
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Pre-proof, online 3 December 2025
Assessing the role of adenoid biofilm on children in different ENT diseases. A state-of-the-art systematic review
Evaluando el rol del biofilm bacteriano adenoideo en pacientes pediátricos en diferentes patologías otorrinolaringológicas. Una revisión del estado del arte
Christian Calvo-Henriqueza,b,
Corresponding author
Christian.ezequiel.calvo.henriquez@sergas.es

Corresponding author at: Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Rua da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
, Maria Solano Marmolejoa,b, Irene Saura Vilelaa,b, Irene Botanaa,b, Antonino Maniacia,c, Carlos Magand, Andrés Alvoe
a Rhinology Study Group of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
b Service of Otolaryngology, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
c Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna Kore, 94100 Enna, Italy
d Department of pneumology, Service of Pediatrics, Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
e Service of Otorhinolaryngology, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
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Abstract
Introduction

Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and recurrent or persistent adenoiditis are common pediatric conditions linked to complications such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), otitis media (OM), and sinusitis. Adenoidectomy is a standard treatment, potentially effective through mechanical removal of biofilms, which acts as infection reservoirs. This state of the art review systematically assesses the role of adenoidal biofilms in pediatric upper airway diseases.

Methods

Databases searched included PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and SciELO. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies on adenoidal biofilms in children (<18 years). Data were summarized in 8 research questions.

Results

Of 18 studies (706 patients, 392 controls), evidence suggests a potential role of biofilms in recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM) and chronic otitis media (COM), with some studies indicating associations with otitis media with effusion (OME) and sinusitis. No correlation was found between biofilm presence and adenoid size. Evidence on diagnostic methods (swabs) and non-surgical treatments for biofilm remains inconclusive.

Conclusion

Biofilms likely contribute to RAOM and COM, albeit with weak evidence due to cross-sectional study designs. Associations with OME and sinusitis are suggested but unproven, and biofilm relevance to adenoid size is unsupported. Future research should focus on biofilm-targeted diagnostics and therapies to refine clinical management.

Keywords:
Adenoid
Biofilm
Adenoidectomy
Otitis media
Otitis media with effusion
Resumen
Introducción

La hipertrofia adenoidea (HA) y la adenoiditis recurrente o persistente son afecciones pediátricas comunes vinculadas a complicaciones como la apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS), la otitis media (OM) y la sinusitis. La adenoidectomía es un tratamiento estándar, potencialmente eficaz mediante la eliminación mecánica de los biofilms, que actúan como reservorios de infección. Esta revisión de vanguardia evalúa sistemáticamente el papel de los biofilms adenoideos en enfermedades de las vías respiratorias superiores pediátricas.

Métodos

Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE y SciELO. Los criterios de inclusión abarcaron estudios sobre biofilms adenoideos en niños (<18 años). Los datos se resumieron en 8 preguntas de investigación.

Resultados

De 18 estudios (706 pacientes, 392 controles), la evidencia sugiere un posible papel de los biofilms en la otitis media aguda recurrente (OMAR) y en la otitis media crónica (OMC), con algunos estudios que indican asociaciones con otitis media con efusión (OME) y sinusitis. No se encontró correlación entre la presencia de biofilm y el tamaño de la adenoides. La evidencia sobre los métodos diagnósticos (hisopos) y los tratamientos no quirúrgicos para el biofilm sigue siendo inconclusa.

Conclusión

Los biofilms probablemente contribuyen a la OMAR y la OMC, aunque con evidencia débil debido al diseño transversal de los estudios. Se sugieren, pero no se prueban, asociaciones con OME y sinusitis, y no se respalda la relevancia del biofilm con respecto al tamaño de la adenoides. Las investigaciones futuras deberían centrarse en diagnósticos y terapias dirigidas a los biofilms para perfeccionar el manejo clínico.

Palabras clave:
Adenoides
Biofilm
Adenoidectomía
Otitis media
Otitis media con efusión

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