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Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo La prueba de líquidos en sepsis severa y choque séptico: una mirada desde la f...
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Vol. 15. Núm. 3.
Páginas 153-280 (Julio - Septiembre 2015)
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Vol. 15. Núm. 3.
Páginas 153-280 (Julio - Septiembre 2015)
Revisión

La prueba de líquidos en sepsis severa y choque séptico: una mirada desde la fisiología

The fluid challenge in severe sepsis and septic shock: a view from the physiology
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Juan José Diaztagle Fernándeza,b,c,
Autor para correspondencia
juanchotagle@yahoo.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, Luis Eduardo Cruz Martíneza,c,d, Juan Daniel Caicedo Ruize
a Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
b Servicio de Medicina Interna, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital de San José de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
c Medicina Intensiva, Hospital El Tunal
d Clínica Reina Sofía Bogotá DC, Colombia
e Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia
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Resumen

El reto de líquidos o «prueba de líquidos» es un método que se utiliza para guiar la administración de fluidos en el paciente críticamente enfermo. Uno de sus primeros proponentes fue Max Harry Weill al revisar conceptos acerca del diagnóstico y manejo del choque circulatorio. El principio de esta técnica se basa en la ley de Starling, y se busca que la administración de un volumen de líquidos le permita al clínico determinar si el paciente posee una reserva de precarga capaz de utilizarse para incrementar el volumen sistólico. Starling realizó sus experimentos en el modelo de corazón pulmón hace un siglo. Luego, en la década de los 50 Sarnoff realiza experimentos en animales in vivo donde establece las «curvas de función ventricular». A partir de estos conceptos fisiológicos se han establecido diversos «índices de precarga» que actualmente se utilizan para separar a los pacientes en «respondedores» o no a líquidos. Más recientemente se han realizado otras propuestas donde se plantea una valoración más integral de la prueba de líquidos. Esta prueba tiene unos supuestos fisiológicos «implícitos» que deben tenerse en cuenta para reconocer sus limitaciones. La utilidad de administrar volumen debe ser vista de una forma más amplia, no limitarse a un solo parámetro fisiológico, más bien se debe evaluar una respuesta más integral, que tenga en cuenta la perfusión tisular. Además, medidas fisiológicas como el gasto o índice cardíaco no deben ser vistas como «metas» ya que son «resultados» fisiológicos. En este sentido, las metas más importantes en la reanimación del paciente con choque séptico deben ser las de perfusión tisular.

Palabras clave:
Reto de líquidos
Choque séptico
Sepsis
Gasto cardíaco
Perfusión tisular
Índices de precarga
Abstract

The “fluid challenge” is a method used to guide the administration of fluids in patients in critical condition. Max Harry Weill was one of the first to proposes this method after reviewing the concepts about diagnosis and management of circulatory shock. The principle of this technique is based on the law of Starling, and the purpose is that the administration of a volume of liquids allows the clinician to determine if the patient has a preload reserve suitable to be used to increase the stroke volume. Starling made his experiments in the heart lung model a century ago. Later, in the 1950s Sarnoff performed in vivo experiments in animals in which he established the “curves of ventricular function”. From these physiological concepts different “preload indices” have been established, which are currently used to classify the patients into “respondent” or not to liquids. Other proposals have been made more recently, in which a more comprehensive assessment of the fluid test has been suggested. This test has a number of “implicit” physiological assumptions that must be taken into consideration in order to recognize its limitations. The usefulness of administering volume must be regarded in a more complete way, without being limited to a single physiological parameter. A more comprehensive response should be considered instead, and that takes into consideration tissue perfusion. Furthermore, physiological measures such as cardiac output should not be regarded as “objectives” since these are physiological “results”. In this respect, the most important objectives in the recovery of a patient with septic shock should be those of tissue perfusion.

Keywords:
Fluid challenge
Septic shock
Sepsis
Cardiac output
Tissue perfusion
Preload indices

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