Buscar en
Endocrinología y Nutrición
Toda la web
Inicio Endocrinología y Nutrición Resistencia a la acción de la insulina. Evolución histórica del concepto. Té...
Información de la revista
Vol. 50. Núm. 10.
Páginas 396-406 (Octubre 2003)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 50. Núm. 10.
Páginas 396-406 (Octubre 2003)
Acceso a texto completo
Resistencia a la acción de la insulina. Evolución histórica del concepto. Técnicas para el estudio in vivo en humanos
Insulin resistance. historical development of the concept. techniques for in vivo studies in humans
Visitas
5154
J. Cabezas-Cerratoa,*, D. Araújob
a aDepartamento Universitario de Medicina USC. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela. A Coruña
b Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela. A Coruña. España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo

Aunque fue Himsworth quien, en 1936, hizo por primera vez referencia explícita a la sensibilidadinsensibilidad crónica a la insulina de esta forma: “diabetes mellitus its differentiation into insulinsensitive and insulin-insensitive types”, insistiendo sobre ello en publicaciones posteriores, la expresión no hacía otra cosa que catalizar en la terapéutica la existencia de dos tipos mayores de diabetes conocidos desde tiempos remotos y hoy día nominados diabetes mellitus tipos 1 y 2; y cuando, a caballo entre la década de los sesenta y setenta, se descubrió que la resistencia a la insulina en la diabetes y en la obesidad no es sólo para la insulina exógena, sino también para la endógena, y que la misma constituía un pilar fundamental en el desarrollo de diabetes, la cuantificación de su grado se ha hecho imprescindible en la investigación clínica de la diabetes y estados mórbidos relacionados, bien aislados o como concurrentes integrantes del “sindrome metabolico”. La homeostasis de la glucosa se mantiene dentro de los parámetros de la normalidad gracias a la estrecha y permanente intercomunicación entre los tejidos sensibles a la insulina (destacan, por orden de importancia cuantitativa, el músculo, el hígado y el tejido adiposo) y la célula β, de modo que cualquier cambio en la glucemia induce otro adaptativo en la célula β; luego la insulina inhibe la producción hepática de glucosa al tiempo que estimula su captación por los tejidos diana. Pero para que la insulina ejerza estos efectos, una vez secretada ha de pasar, vía vena porta, al hígado, difundirse después a la circulación, pasar al intersticio (“compartimiento remoto del plasma” en la ya antigua terminología), para, finalmente, alcanzar su receptor intacto en una célula diana intacta. Al menos, las principales técnicas de determinación de la resistencia a la insulina in vivo utilizadas en investigación están basadas en esta regulación y hacen referencia explícita a la misma. Otras, las más sencillas, también la contemplan, aunque en su aspecto más simple y último. Se ha de señalar, finalmente, que la sensibilidad a la insulina es muy variable, aun entre los sujetos normales, y depende de la edad, situaciones fisiológicas (pubertad, gestación y puerperio, y envejecimiento), el tipo de dieta, la actividad física, el momento del día y de otros factores desconocidos. De los métodos para cuantificar la sensibilidad a la insulina in vivo, dirigidos a la investigación fisiopatológica, el CEH es el estándar oro; y si se le acopla a las técnicas que se resumen en la figura 5, sus posibilidades en investigación son extraordinarias. Le sigue en fiabilidad, el MMg, del que varios grupos de investigación en España se han servido, con resultados notables. Respecto a los otros métodos basados en la cuantificación basal de la glucosa y de la insulina, el HOMA es el que ha superado mejor los controles de fiabilidad. En cuanto a los métodos que utilizan valores de la glucosa y de la insulina post-TTGO, parecen más robustos que los basados en determinaciones basales, ya que estos últimos valoran fundamentalmente la sensibilidad a la acción hepática de la insulina, pero no la captación muscular.

Palabras clave:
Resistencia a la insulina
RI
Síndrome metabólico
CEH
MMg
HOMA
TTGO

Although it was Himsworth who, in 1936, made the first explicit reference to chronic sensitivity/insensitivity to insulin with the words: “diabetes mellitus its differentiation into insulin-sensitive and insulin-insensitive types”, stressing this distinction in subsequent publications, these terms merely catalyzed in therapeutics the existence of two major types of diabetes known since ancient times and which today are called diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2. When, between the 1960s and 1970s, it was discovered that insulin resistance in diabetes and obesity involves not only exogenous insulin but also the endogenous form and that the latter plays a major role in the development of diabetes, quantification of its degree became essential in clinical investigation into diabetes and related morbid states, whether isolated or as part of “metabolic syndrome”. Glucose homeostasis remains within the normal range due to the close and permanent intercommunication between insulin-sensitive tissues (the most important of which are, in order of quantitative importance, muscle, liver, and adipose tissue) and β cells, so that any change in glycemia induces another adaptive change in β cells; then, insulin inhibits glucose production by the liver at the same time as it stimulates its uptake by the target tissues. However, for insulin to exert these effects once secreted, it must pass through the hepatic portal vein, spread to the circulation and reach the interstitium (the “remote compartment of plasma” in ancient terminology) to finally reach its receptor intact in an intact target cell. At least the main techniques for insulin resistance in vivo used in research are based on this regulation and make specific reference to it. Other, less complex techniques, also consider this process although in a simpler way. Finally, it should be mentioned that insulin sensitivity is highly variable even in normal subjects, depending on age, physiological factors (puberty, pregnancy and puerperium, and aging), type of diet, physical activity, time of day, and other unknown factors. Of the methods used to quantify insulin sensitivity in vivo, aimed at physiopathological investigation, CEH is the gold standard, and if it is adapted to the techniques summarized in fig. 5, it has immense possibilities in research. In terms of reliability, it is followed by MMg, which has been used by various research groups in Spain with notable results. Regarding other methods, of those based on basal quantification of glucose and insulin, HOMA appears to be the most reliable. Of the methods that use post-TTGO glucose and insulin values, the most robust seem to be those based on basal determinations since they mainly evaluate sensitivity to the action of insulin in the liver but not muscular uptake.

Key words:
Insulin resistance
RI
Metabolic syndrome
CEH
MMg
HOMA
TTGO
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
H.P. Himsworth.
Diabetes mellitus its differentiation into insulinsensitive and insulin-insensitive types.
Lancet, i (1936), pp. 127-130
[2.]
G.M. Reaven.
Role of insulin resistance in human disease.
Diabetes, 37 (1988), pp. 1595-1607
[3.]
D. Engelhardt.
Diabetes its medical and cultural history, pg 1.
[4.]
D.E. Chabner.
TheI language of medicine 6th ed.
[5.]
C.R. Kahn.
Insulin action, diabetogenes, and the cause of type II diabetes.
Diabetes, 43 (1994), pp. 1066-1084
[6.]
A. Astrup, N. Finer.
Redefining type 2 diabetes: “diabesity” or “obesity dependent diabetes mellitus”?.
Obesity Rev, 1 (2000), pp. 57-59
[7.]
M. Hanefeld.
The metabolic syndrome: roots, myths, and facts.
The metabolic syndrome, pp. 14-24
[8.]
M. Serrano Ríos, S. Iancu.
La diabetes mellitus en la obra del Dr. Gregorio Marañón. En: Revisión de la obra médica de Gregorio Marañón.
pp. 229-256
[9.]
R. Carrasco Formiguera.
Insulina. Estudio fisiológico y clínico. Publicaciones del Instituto Bioquímico Hermes.
[10.]
J. Vague.
The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities. A factor determining predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, and uric calculous disease.
Am J Clin Nutr, 4 (1956), pp. 20-34
[11.]
M. Hanefeld, W. Leonhardt.
Das metabolische syndrom.
Dt Gesundh Wesen, 36 (1981), pp. 545-551
[12.]
Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education (NCEP).
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adults Treatment Panel III).
JAMA, 285 (2001), pp. 2486-2497
[13.]
Yong-Woo Park, S.h. Zhu, L. Palaniappan, S. Heshka, M. Carnethon, S.B. Heymsfield.
The metabolic syndrome. Prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1998-1994.
Arch Intern Med, 163 (2003), pp. 427-436
[14.]
M.J. Martínez Calatrava, M.T. Martínez Larrad, M. Serrano Ríos.
Síndrome de resistencia a la insulina y síndrome metabólico: similitudes y diferencias. Síndrome metabólico: concepto, fisiopatología y epidemiología.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors, 12 (2003), pp. 89-95
[15.]
Grupo de trabajo Resistencia a la Insulina de la SED.
Resistencia a la insulina y su implicación en múltiples factores de riesgo asociados a diabetes tipo 2.
Med Clin (Barc), 12 (2002), pp. 458-463
[16.]
J. Cabezas-Cerrato.
Síndrome metabólico e hipertensión arterial: una relación difícil.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors, 12 (2003), pp. 96-104
[17.]
Poulsen P, Vach K, Del Pratos, Bedx-Nielsen H. Factor analysis of the variables included in the metabolic syndrome [abstract].
[18.]
R.L. Hanson, G. Imperatore, P.H. Bennett, W.C. Knowler.
Components of the “metabolic syndrome” and incidence of type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes,, 51 (2002), pp. 3120-3127
[19.]
J.h. Kuusisto, P. Lempiáinen, L. Mykkánen, M. Laakso.
Insulin resistance syndrome predicts coronary heart disease events in elderly type 2 diabetic men.
Diabetes Care, 24 (2001), pp. 1629-1633
[20.]
H.M. Lakka, D.E. Laaksonen, T.A. Lakka, L.K. Niskanen, E. Kumpusalo, J. Tuomilehto, et al.
The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men.
JAMA, 288 (2002), pp. 2709-2716
[21.]
American Diabetes Association.
Consensus development conference on insulin resistance.
Diabetes Care, 2 (1997), pp. 310-314
[22.]
R.N. Bergman.
Toward physiological understanding of glucose tolerance: minimal model approach.
Diabetes, 38 (1989), pp. 1512-1527
[23.]
R.A. DeFronzo, J.D. Tobin, R. Andres.
Glucose clamp quantifying insulin secretion and resistance.
Am J Physiol, 232 (1979), pp. E214-E223
[24.]
L.C. Groop, E. Widen, E. Ferrannini.
Insulin resistance and insulin deficiency in the pathogenesis of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: errors of metabolism or of methods.
Diabetologia, 36 (1993), pp. 1326-1331
[25.]
A.J. Scheen, N. Paquot, M.J. Castillo, P.J. Lévebre.
How to measure insulin action in vivo.
Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews, 10 (1984), pp. 151-188
[26.]
S.W. Shen, G.M. Reaven, J.W. Farquhar.
Comparison of impedance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake in normal subjects and in subjects with latent diabetes.
J Clin Invest, 49 (1970), pp. 2151-2160
[27.]
Y. Harano, S. Ohgaku, H. Hidaka, M. Haneda, R. Kikkawa, Y. Sihigeta, et al.
Glucose, insulin and somatostatin infusion for the determination of insulin sensitivity.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 45 (1977), pp. 1124
[28.]
R.N. Bergman, Y.Z. Ider, C.R. Bowden, C. Cobelli.
Quantitative estimation of insulin sensitivity.
Am J Physiol, 236 (1979), pp. E667-E677
[29.]
J.E. Foley, Y-DI Chen, C.K. Lardinois, C.B. Hollenbeck, G.C. Liu, G.M. Reaven.
Estimates of in vivo insulin action in humans: comparison of the insulin clamp and the minimal model techniques.
Horm Metab Res, 17 (1985), pp. 406-409
[30.]
J.C. Beard, R.N. Bergman, W.K. Ward, D. Porte.
The insulin sensitivity index in no diabetic man. Correlation between clamp-derived and IVGTT derived values.
Diabetes, 35 (1986), pp. 362-369
[31.]
J. Cabezas-Cerrato, D.A. García-Estévez, D. Araújo-Vilar.
Lack of association between both insulin resistance and plasma insulin levels with blood pressure values in essential hypertension.
Horm Metab Res, 29 (1997), pp. 561-565
[32.]
J. Cabezas-Cerrato, D.A. García-Estévez, D. Araújo, M. Iglesias.
Insulin sensitivity, glucose effectiveness and beta cell function in obese males with essential hypertension: investigation of the effects of treatment with a calcium channel blocker (diltiazem) or an ACE-inhibitor (quinapril).
Metabolism, 46 (1997), pp. 173-178
[33.]
J. Cabezas-Cerrato, D.A. García-Estévez, D. Araújo-Vilar.
Insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in essential hypertension and normotensive first-degree relatives of hypertensive subjects.
Diab Metab, 23 (1997), pp. 402-408
[34.]
D. Araújo-Vilar, D.A. García-Estévez, J. Cabezas-Cerrato.
Both a reduced acute insulin response to glucose and lower glucose effectiveness are responsible for the worsening of intravenous glucose tolerance in healthy subjects independently of the degree of obesity.
Metabolism, 47 (1998), pp. 313-320
[35.]
D.A. García-Estevez, D. Araújo-Vilar, J. Cabezas-Cerrato.
Noninsulin mediated glucose uptake in several insulin-resistant states in the postabsortive period.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 39 (1998), pp. 107-113
[36.]
D. Araújo-Vilar, D.A. García-Estévez, J. Cabezas-Cerrato.
Insulin sensitivity, glucose effectiveness and insulin secretion in non-diabetic offspring of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study.
Metabolism, 48 (1999), pp. 978-983
[37.]
D.A. García-Estévez, D. Araújo-Vilar, G. Fiestras-Janeiro, A. Saavedra-González, J. Cabezas-Cerrato.
Comparison of several insulin sensitivity indices derived from basal plasma insulin and glucose levels with minimal model indices.
Horm Metab Res, 35 (2003), pp. 13-17
[38.]
N.S. Welch, S.S. Gebbart, R.N. Bergman.
Modification of IVGTTderived insulin sensitivity in diabetic subjects.
Diabetes, 36 (1987), pp. 15A
[39.]
D. Araujo-Vilar, L. Loidi, F. Domínguez, J. Cabezas-Cerrato.
Phenotypic gender differences in subjects with familial partial lipodystrophy (Dunnigan variety) due to nuclear laminin A/C R482W mutation.
Horm Metab Res, 35 (2003), pp. 29-35
[40.]
D.R. Matthews, J.P. Hosker, A.S. Rudenski, B.A. Naylor, D.F. Treacher, R.C. Turner.
Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man.
Diabetologia,, 28 (1985), pp. 412-419
[41.]
J.P. Hosker, D.R. Matthews, A.S. Rudenski, M.A. Burnett, P. Darfng, E.G. Bown, et al.
Continuous infusion of glucose with model assessment: measurement of insulin resistance and beta-cell function in man.
Diabetologia, 28 (1985), pp. 401-411
[42.]
M.P. Hermans, J.C. Levy, R.J. Morris, R.C. Turner.
Comparison of insulin sensitivity tests across a range of glucose tolerance from normal to diabetes.
Diabetología, 42 (1999), pp. 678-687
[43.]
J.F. Ascaso, P. Romero, J.T. Real, A. Priego, C. Valdecabres, R. Carmena.
Cuantificación de la Insulinorresistencia con los valores de insulina basal e índice HOMA en una población no diabética.
Met Clin (Barc), 17 (2001), pp. 530-533
[44.]
K.A. McAuley, S.M. Williams, J.I. Mann, et al.
Diagnosing insulin resistance in the general pupulation.
Diabetes Care, 24 (2001), pp. 460-464
[45.]
M.H. Duncan, B.M. Singh, P.H. Wise, G. Carter, J. Alaghband-Zadeh.
A simple measure of insulin resistance.
Lancet, 346 (1995), pp. 120-121
[46.]
E. Raynaud, A. Pérez-Martin, J.F. Brun, S.S. Benhaddad, J. Mercier.
Revised concept for the estimation of insulin sensitivity from a single sample.
Diabetes Care, 22 (1999), pp. 1003-1004
[47.]
A. Katz, S.S. Nambi, K. Mather, A.D. Baron, D.A. Follmann, G. Sullivan, et al.
Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85 (2000), pp. 2402-2410
[48.]
R.L. Hanson, R.E. Pratley, C. Bogardus, K.M. Narayan, J.M. Roumain, G. Imperatore, et al.
Evaluation of simple indices of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion for use in epidemiological studies.
Am J Epidemiol, 15 (2000), pp. 190-198
[49.]
A.J. Hanley, K. Williams, C. González, R.B. D'Agostino Jr., L.E. Wagenknecht, M.P. Stern, et al.
San Antonio Heart Study; Diabetes Mexico City: Study Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study Prediction of type 2 diabetes using simple measures of insulin resistance: combined results from the San Antonio Heart Study, the Mexico City Diabetes Study, and the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.
Diabetes, 52 (2003), pp. 463-469
[50.]
A. Akinmokun, P.L. Selby, K. Ramaiya, K.G.M. Alberti.
The short insulin tolerance test for determination of insulin sensitivity: a comparison with the euglycemic clamp.
Diabet Med, 9 (1992), pp. 432-437
[51.]
A. Caumo, R.N. Bergman, C. Cobelli.
Insulin sensitivity; from meal tolerance test in normal subjects: a minimal model index.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85 (2000), pp. 4396-4402
[52.]
M. Matsuda, R.A. DeFronzo.
Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing. Comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp.
Diabetes Care, 22 (1999), pp. 1462-1470
[53.]
M. Stumvoll, A. Mitrakou, W. Pimenta, T. Jenssen, H. Yki-Jarvinen, T. Van Haeften, et al.
Use of the oral glucose tolerance test to assess insulin release and insulin sensitivity.
Diabetes Care, 23 (2000), pp. 295-301
[54.]
M. Stumvoll, T.M. Van Haeften, A. Fritsche, J. Gerich.
Oral glucose tolerance test indexes for insulin sensitivity nab secretion based in various availabilities of sampling times.
Diabetes Care, 24 (2001), pp. 796-797
[55.]
A. Mari, G. Pacini, E. Murphy, B. Ludvik, J.J. Nolan.
A model-based method for assessing insulin sensitivity from the oral glucose tolerance test.
Diabetes Care, 24 (2001), pp. 539-548
[56.]
M. Gutt, C.L. Davis, S.B. Spitzer, M.M. Llabre, M. Kumar, E.M. Czarnecki, et al.
Validation of the insulin sensitivity index (ISl[0,120]): comparison with other measures.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 47 (2000), pp. 177-184
[57.]
A. Avignon, C. Boegner, D. Mariano-Goulart, C. Colette, L. Monnier.
Assessment of insulin sensitivity from plasma insulin and glucose in the fasting or post oral glucoseload state.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 23 (1999), pp. 512-517
[58.]
F. Belfiore, S. lannello, G. Volpicelli.
Insulin sensitivity indices calculated from basal and OGTT-induced insulin, glucose, and FFA levels.
Mol Genet Metab, 63 (1998), pp. 134-141
[59.]
S. Soonthornpun, W. Setasuban, A. Thamprasit, W. Chayanunnukul, C.h. Chatchalit Rattarasarn, A. Geater.
Novel insulin sensitivity indék derived from oral glucose tolerance test.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88 (2003), pp. 1019-1023
Copyright © 2003. Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos