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Vol. 69. Núm. 1.
Páginas 49-55 (Enero 2001)
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Vol. 69. Núm. 1.
Páginas 49-55 (Enero 2001)
Acceso a texto completo
Profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboembólica perioperatoria en cirugía general
Prophylaxis of perioperative thromboembolic disease in general surgery
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15830
J.L. García Sabrido1
Autor para correspondencia
jlgsabrido@cgiii.hggm.es

Correspondencia: Prof. J.L. García Sabrido. Servicio de Cirugía General III. Área 2300. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Dr. Esquerdo, 46. 28007 Madrid.
, D. Pacheco Sánchez
Servicio de Cirugía General III. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid
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Información del artículo
Resumen
Objetivo

Revisar el estado actual de la incidencia, factores de riesgo y profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboembólica perioperatoria en los pacientes sometidos a cirugía abdominal.

Métodos

Esta revisión está basada en una búsqueda de la bibliografía en la base de datos MEDLINE, sobre la enfermedad tromboembólica perioperatoria en pacientes sometidos a cirugía general y del aparato digestivo, así como en la experiencia de los autores.

Resultados

La incidencia de trombosis venosa profunda en pacientes sometidos a cirugía abdominal sin profilaxis antitrombótica oscila entre el 20 y el 30% y la del embolismo pulmonar entre el 0,3 y el 0,8%. Los factores de riesgo más importantes son: edad mayor a 40 años, obesidad, antecedente de enfermedad tromboembólica y ciertas enfermedades asociadas. La profilaxis con heparina no fraccionada disminuye la incidencia de trombosis venosa profunda y embolismo pulmonar al 7 y 0,1, respectivamente. Las heparinas de bajo peso molecular son tan efectivas como la no fraccionada y se asocian con menor riesgo de hemorragia y hematomas en la zona de punción.

Conclusiones

La profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboembólica perioperatoria en cirugía general está indicada en los pacientes de riesgo moderado y alto. Las heparinas de bajo peso molecular se consideran los fármacos de elección para dicha profilaxis. Las heparinas de bajo peso molecular de segunda generación, entre ellas la bemiparina, se perfilan como el futuro de la profilaxis, si bien se precisan más estudios prospectivos que corroboren los resultados de los ya realizados.

Palabras clave:
Profilaxis antitrombótica
Heparina
Cirugía general
Objective

To review the current incidence, risk factors and prophylaxis of perioperative thromboembolic disease in patients undergoing abdominal surgery.

Methods

This review is based on a literature search in the Medline database of articles concerned with perioperative thromboembolic disease in patients undergoing abdominal and gastrointestinal surgery and on the experience of the authors.

Results

The incidence of deep venous thrombosis in patients subjected to abdominal surgery who receive no antithrombotic prophylaxis ranges between 20% and 30%, and that of pulmonary embolism ranges from 0.3% to 0.8%. The major risk factors are age over 40 years, obesity and a history of thromboembolic disease and certain associated diseases. Prophylaxis with unfractionated heparin reduces the incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism to 7% and 0.1%, respectively. Low-molecular-weight heparins are as effective as unfractionated heparin and are associated with a lower risk of hemorrhage and hematomas at the injection site.

Conclusions

Prophylaxis of perioperative thromboembolic disease in general surgery is indicated in moderate and highrisk patients. Low-molecular-weight heparins are considered the drugs of choice for this prophylaxis. Second generation lowmolecular- weight heparins, among them bemiparin, would appear to be the alternative for prophylaxis in the future, although further prospective studies corroborating the findings reported to date will be necessary.

Key words:
Antithrombotic prophylaxis
Heparin
General surgery
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