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Vol. 56. Núm. 2.
Páginas 133-145 (Enero 2004)
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Vol. 56. Núm. 2.
Páginas 133-145 (Enero 2004)
Acceso a texto completo
Endarterectomía carotídea con anestesia locorregional. Estudio de factores clínicos y arteriográficos de riesgo de isquemia cerebral durante el clampaje carotídeo
Carotid endarterectomy with locoregional anaesthesia. A study of clinical and arteriography risk factors for cerebral ischemia during carotid clamping
Endarterectomia carotídea com anestesia loco-regional. estudo de factores clínicos e arteriográficos de risco de isquemia cerebral durante a clampagem carotídea
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2219
E. Blanco-Cañibanoa,
Autor para correspondencia
estrebl@hotmail.com

Correspondencia: Servicio de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular. Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n. E-28040Madrid. Fax: +34 913 303 043.
, T. Reina-Gutiérreza, F.J. Serrano-Hernandoa, A. Martín-Conejeroa, A.I. Ponce-Canoa, M. Vega de Cénigaa, C. Aguilar-Lloretb
a Servicio de Angiologia y Cirugía Vascular. Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Madrid, España
b Servicio de Anestesiología. Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Madrid, España
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Resumen
Objetivo

Determinar la relación de factores clínicos y arteriográficos preoperatorios con la aparición de intolerancia al clampaje carotídeo durante la endarterectomía carotídea (EDC), que se realizó mediante anestesia locorregional, monitorizando la función neurológica del enfermo despierto.

Pacientes y métodos

Estudio de cohortes clínicoprospectivo. 381 EDC con anestesia locorregional (1994-2002). Un 11,8% (n= 45) presentaba ictus homolateral previo, un 28,1% (n = 107) accidente isquémico transitorio (AIT) o amaurosis homolateral y un 10,8% (n= 41) oclusión contralateral. Análisis uni y multivariante.

Resultados

Un 11% (n= 42) de los pacientes presentaron intolerancia al clampaje carotídeo. La morbilidad neurológica global fue del 2% (n= 8) y la mortalidad de 0,7% (n= 3). Factores asociados a intolerancia al clampaje carotídeo: clínica neurológica previa ipsilaterales –accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), AIT o amaurosis; 15,1 frente al 8,3%; riesgo relativo (RR): 1,9; intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95% 1,13,7, p= 0,04– y pacientes con oclusión contralaleral y síntomas neurológicos previos ipsilaterales (28,6 frente al 10,4%; RR: 3,4; IC 95%: 1,1-11,5; p =0,04). La oclusión con-tralaleral de modo aislado no fue un factor de riesgo de intolerencia al clampaje (14,6 frente al 10,6%, p =0,4). La selección de pacientes para shunt, en función de haber presentado síntomas neurológicos ipsilaterales, tiene una sensibilidad del 15,1%; para el grupo de pacientes con oclusión contralateral y síntomas ipsilaterales fue del 28%. La morbilidad neu-rológica en estos dos grupos de pacientes no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto al resto de la serie.

Conclusiones

La clínica ipsilateral, sobre todo asociada a oclusión contralaleral, incrementa el riesgo de intolerancia al clampaje carotídeo. Este hecho no ha tenido influencia en la morbilidad neurológica ni en la mortalidad de la serie analizada. Los criterios clínicos de selección de shunt tienen poca sensibilidad para la predicción de intolerancia al clampaje carotídeo.

Palabras clave:
Anestesia locorregional
Cirugía de carótida
Endarterectomía carotídea
Insuficiencia cerebrovascular
Monitorización neurológica
Morbilidad operatoria
Mortalidad operatoria
Summary
Aims

The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between preoperative clinical and arteriographic factors and the appearance of intolerance to carotid clamping during a carotid endarterectomy (CED) that was performed under locoregional anaesthesia while monitoring the neurological functioning of the conscious patient.

Patients and methods

A clinical-prospective cohort study involving 381 cases of CED with locoregional anaesthesia (1994-2002) was conducted. 11.8% (n =45) presented a previous stroke on the homolateral side, 28.1% (n =107) had had a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or amaurosis on the homolateral side, and 10.8% (n =41) presented contralateral occlusion. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

Results

11% (n =42) of the patients presented intolerance to carotid clamping. Overall neurological morbidity was 2% (n =8) and the mortality rate was 0.7% (n =3). Factors linked to intolerance to carotid clamping included a previous ipsilateral neurological clinical picture cerebrovascular accident (CVA), TIA or amaurosis; 15.1 compared to 8.3%; relative risk (RR): 1.9; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-3.7; p =0.04– and patients with contralateral occlusion and previous ipsilateral neurological symptoms (28.6 compared to 10.4%; RR: 3.4; 95% CI: 1.111.5; p =0.04). Contralateral occlusion was not in itself a intolerance to carotid clamping risk factor (14.6 compared to 10.6%, p =0.4). Selection of patients for a shunt, which depended on their having presented ipsilateral neurological symptoms, had a sensitivity of 15.1%, while the figure was 28% for the group of patients with contralateral occlusion and ipsilateral symptoms. Neurological morbidity in these two groups of patients showed no statistically significant differences with respect to the rest of the series.

Conclusions

An ipsilateral clinical picture, especially when associated to contralateral occlusion, increases the risk of intolerance to carotid clamping. This fact did not have an effect on the neurological morbidity or mortality rates in the series analysed. Clinical criteria for selecting the placement of a shunt are not sensitive enough to predict intolerance to carotid clamping with sufficient accuracy.

Key words:
Carotid endarterectomy
Carotid surgery
Cerebrovascular insufficiency
Loco-regional anaesthesia
Neurological monitoring
Operative morbidity
Operative mortality
Resumo
Objectivo

Determinar a relação de factores clínicos e arteriográficos pré-operatórios com o aparecimento e intolerância à clampagem carotídea durante a endarterectomia carotídea (EDC), que se realizou com anestesia loco-regional, monitorizando a função neurológica do doente desperto.

Doentes e métodos

Estudo de coortes; clínico e prospectivo. 381 EDC com anestesia loco-regional (1994-2002). 11,8% (n =45) apresentava AVC homolateral prévio, 28,1% (n =107) acidente isquémico transitório (AIT) ou amaurose homolateral e 10,8% (n =als;41) oclusão contralateral. Análise uni e multivariada.

Resultados

11% (n =42) dos doentes apresentaram intolerância à clampagem carotídea. A morbilidade neurológica global foi de 2% (n =8) e a mortalidade de 0,7% (n =3). Factores associados a intolerância da clampagem carotídea: clínica neurológica prévia ipsilateral: acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), AIT ou amaurose; 15,1 versus 8,3%; risco relativo (RR): 1,9; intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%: 1,1-3,7,p=0,04; e doentes com oclusão contralateral e sintomas neurológicos prévios ipsilaterais (28,6 versus 10,4%; RR: 3,4; IC 95%: 1,1-11,5; p= 0,04). A oclusão contralateral de modo isolado não foi um factor de risco de intolerância à clampagem (14,6 versus 10,6%, p =0,4). A selecção de doentes para shunt, em função de ter apresentado sintomas neurológicos ipsilaterais, tem uma sensibilidade de 15,1%; para o grupo de doentes com oclusão contralateral e sintomas ipsilaterais foi de 28%. A morbilidade neurológica nestes dois grupos de doentes não mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas relativamente ao resto da série.

Conclusões

A clínica ipsilateral, sobre tudo associada a oclusão contralateral, incrementa o risco de intolerância à clampagem carotídea. Este facto não teve influência na morbilidade neurológica nem na mortalidade da série analisada. Os critérios clínicos da selecção de shunt têm pouca sensibilidade para a predição de intolerância à clampagem carotídea.

Palavras chave:
Anestesia loco-regional
Cirurgia carotídea
Endarterectomia carotídea
Insuficiência cérebro-vascular
Monitorização neurológica
Morbilidade operatória
Mortalidade operatória
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