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Breadfruit leaves extract (Artocarpus altilis) effect on pancreatic damage in diabetic type II animal model induced by alloxan–nicotinamide
Dyah Ratna Ayu Puspita Sari, Fitriani Fajri Ahmad, Yulia Yusrini Djabir, Risfah Yulianty
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risfahyulianty@unhas.ac.id

Corresponding author.
Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Type 2 diabetes mellitus &#40;Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus&#41; is a condition of hyperglycemia caused by inadequate insulin production and the inability of the body to respond fully to insulin&#44; defined as insulin resistance&#46; Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes&#44; about 90&#37; of all diabetes cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Preclinical diabetes research can use a combination of alloxan&#8211;nicotinamide&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Alloxan is a toxic glucose analog&#44; which selectively destroys insulin-producing pancreatic &#946; cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Breadfruit leaves extract contains polyphenols which can increase antioxidant activity by increasing levels of cellular antioxidant enzymes&#44; such as superoxide dismutase &#40;SOD&#41;&#44; catalase and glutathione peroxidase&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Polyphenols are also able to stimulate 16&#37; increase insulin secretion from pancreatic &#946; cells by influencing Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor &#40;PPAR&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> This study aimed to determine the effect of ethanol extract from breadfruit leaves on pancreatic damage in rat induced by alloxan&#8211;nicotinamide&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Method</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Sample collection and preparation</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The leaves of breadfruit were collected from the Darul Istiqomah Islamic Boarding School in Timbuseng Village&#44; Patallasang District&#44; Gowa Regency&#44; South Sulawesi&#46; The leaves used are old yellow leaves&#44; picked directly from the tree at 9&#8211;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>am&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Extraction</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two hundred fifty grams of breadfruit leaves washed and cut into small pieces&#46; Extracted with 70&#37; ethanol for three days with stirring&#46; The extract was filtered with filter paper and evaporated in a rotary evaporator&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Experimental animal</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adult male Wistar strain rats &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rattus norvegicus</span>&#41; weighing around 180&#8211;200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; were acclimatized for 14 days under standard conditions&#46; Standard pellet diet and water ad libitum were provided&#46; The rat was injected with a single dose of alloxan 170<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW by i&#46;p after nicotinamide 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW injection which have been dissolved in 0&#46;9&#37; NaCl&#46; Significant hyperglycemia will occur three days after induction&#46; Blood glucose levels are calculated using a glucometer&#46; The rat was diagnosed with type 2 DM if blood glucose levels were &#8805;200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#46; Rats were divided into five groups&#44; with three animals in each&#46; Group I is the group without induction and treatment &#40;normal control&#41;&#44; group 2 given CMC Na 1&#37;&#44; group 3 given metformin 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW&#44; group 4 given breadfruit leaves extract 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW&#44; and group 5 given breadfruit leaves extract 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW for 14 days&#44; once daily&#46; The Medical Faculty of University Hasanuddin Animal Ethics Committee approved this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Histopathological examination</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After 14 days&#44; rats from all groups were killed by cervical dislocation and abdominally dissected&#46; The pancreas was removed immediately from each animal and then washed within 0&#46;9&#37; NaCl to remove the blood&#46; Samples were allowed to remain in fixative &#40;10&#37; neutral buffered formalin&#41;&#46; Sections were cut at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956; thickness and stained with Hematoxyline Eosin &#40;HE&#41;&#46; The stained sections were examined and photographed by using a microscope&#46; Histopathological damage analysis was performed by a pathologist anatomy expert using a scoring by Mitchel in Gufron&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Result</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The result of this study&#44; normal group without induction and treatment showed normal pancreas without damage &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; All rats in normal group were categorized in score 0 are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Negative control group induced by alloxan&#8211;nicotinamide showed that pancreatic damage score of 2 in two rats and score 3 in one rat &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2 and 3</a>&#41;&#46; All rats in the positive control group induced alloxan&#8211;nicotinamide showed pancreatic damage score 1 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46; Group of breadfruit leaves extracts 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW showed that pancreatic damage score 2 in all rats &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46; Group of breadfruit leaves extracts 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW showed pancreatic damage in one rat categorized in score 1 and two rats showed no pancreatic damage &#40;score 0&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0030">Figs&#46; 6 and 7</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The human pancreas is an organ located in the retroperitoneum&#46; Pancreatic tissue consists of the endocrine and exocrine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhans is responsible for regulating the body glycemia&#46; Pancreatic &#946; cell damage can be caused by several factors&#44; including genetic factors&#44; infection by bacteria&#44; nutrients&#44; diabetogenic agents and free radicals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In some groups found abnormalities in pancreatic tissue which are categorized in various scores &#40;0&#8211;4&#41;&#46; Normal group without induction did not show any abnormalities in rat pancreatic tissue&#46; Negative control group induced alloxan&#8211;nicotinamide and treatment with CMC Na showed necrosis and cell inflammation reaching 50&#8211;75&#37;&#46; The diabetogenic agent used is alloxan&#46; Alloxan is a toxic glucose analog&#44; which selectively destroys pancreatic &#946; cells through the formation of reactive oxygen species &#40;ROS&#41; such as nitric oxide&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis and complications of diabetes mellitus&#46; Oxidative stress causes &#946; cell dysfunction caused by glucose toxicity&#46; &#946; cells are very susceptible to oxidative stress and damage because they have low expression and antioxidant enzyme activity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> ROS by alloxan will cause DNA fragmentation in &#946; cell&#46; Nicotinamide is a derivative of vitamin B3 &#40;niacin&#41; is used to protect &#946; cells thereby preventing partial damage to the pancreas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Positive control group given metformin 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW which also induced by alloxan&#8211;nicotinamide compared with negative control &#40;Na CMC&#41; showed the incidence of necrosis and inflammatory cells reaching 25&#37;&#46; Metformin is a biguanide antihyperglycemic agent and primarily used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus&#46; Metformin lowers blood glucose through increased insulin sensitivity from liver and peripheral &#40;muscle&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Metformin also has antioxidant activity to stop the production of reactive oxygen species &#40;ROS&#41; by the mechanism of directly inhibiting the transfer chain of complex I NADH ubiquitin oxidoreductase &#40;NADH&#41;&#46; Inhibition of complex I chain reduces ATP production and increases the ratio of ADP&#47;ATP and AMP&#47;ATP&#44; which are the main stimulants for Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase &#40;AMPK&#41; activation&#46; This complex is involved in encouraging IL-1&#946; production through ROS&#46; By blocking complex I&#44; metformin inhibits the production of IL-1&#946; induced by Lipopolysaccharide &#40;LPS&#41;-activated Macrophages and increased IL-10 production&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Breadfruit leaves extract 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW had no optimal effect on pancreatic damage showed the incidence of necrosis and inflammatory reaching 50&#37; &#40;score 2&#41;&#46; Compared to metformin&#44; the effect of breadfruit leaves extracts 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW is lower&#46; Whereas breadfruit leaves extract 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW has better potential to protect the pancreas of diabetic rats against stress and oxidative damage&#46; Pancreatic histopathological analysis showed pancreatic damage reaching 25&#37; &#40;score 1&#41; in one rat and score 0 in two rats that did not experience pancreatic damage&#46; When compared with metformin&#44; extract 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg has better activity to protect the pancreas&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chemical analysis of breadfruit leaves extracts identified alkaloids&#44; flavonoids&#44; tannins&#44; phenols and saponins&#46; Breadfruit extract contains polyphenols which can increase antioxidant activity by increasing levels of cellular antioxidant enzymes&#44; such as superoxide dismutase &#40;SOD&#41;&#44; catalase and glutathione peroxidase&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Polyphenols as antioxidants are thought to protect pancreatic cells from the toxic effects of free radicals produced under conditions of chronic hyperglycemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Polyphenols are also able to stimulate an increase in insulin secretion by 16&#37; from pancreatic &#946; cells by influencing the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor &#40;PPAR&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conclusions</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study shows induction of alloxan&#8211;nicotinamide causes hyperglycemia condition through the mechanism of ROS&#46; The administration of breadfruit leaves extracts 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW has potential effect against pancreatic damage better than metformin&#46; This protection against the pancreas might be caused by the antioxidant activity of breadfruit leaves against ROS&#46; This protection on pancreas against ROS might also affect good insulin secretion&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        ]
        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2019-05-29"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2019-07-15"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1239508"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Diabetes mellitus"
            1 => "Breadfruit leaves"
            2 => "Alloxan"
            3 => "Nicotinamide"
            4 => "Pancreatic"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to abnormal insulin secretion&#44; insulin action&#44; or both&#46; Breadfruit has been used in traditional medicine for diabetes mellitus&#46; This study aims to see the effect of giving ethanol breadfruit leaf extract to pancreatic damage induced by alloxan&#8211;nicotinamide&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Rats were induced with alloxan&#8211;nicotinamide and grouped into 4 groups&#44; namely group I &#40;normal&#41; without treatment&#44; group II &#40;positive&#41; given metformin 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg body weight &#40;BW&#41;&#44; group III &#40;negative&#41; given Na CMC&#44; group IV gave breadfruit leaves extract 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW&#44; group V given breadfruit leaves extract 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW&#46; Treatment was given for 14 days and histopathological examination of the pancreas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results showed that group I pancreatic histopathology was not damaged&#44; Group II suffered damage of 25&#8211;75&#37;&#44; Group III with 25&#37; damage&#44; and group IV showed 50&#37;&#44; and group V showed pancreatic damage from 0 to 25&#37;&#46; Breadfruit leaves extract 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW has better activity to protect the pancreas and reduced the effect of pancreatic damage in rats&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The administration of breadfruit leaves extract 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW has a potential effect against pancreatic damage better than metformin&#46; This protection against the pancreas might be caused by the antioxidant activity of breadfruit leaves against ROS&#46; This protection on pancreas against ROS might also affect proper insulin secretion&#46;</p></span>"
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Women and Societal Perspective on Quality of Life &#40;WOSQUAL-2019&#41;&#46; Full-text and the content of it is under responsibility of authors of the article&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Rat pancreatic tissue in breadfruit leaves extract 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW with inflammation score 1 &#40;induction of alloxan&#8211;nicotinamide&#44; administration of breadfruit leaf extract 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Rat pancreatic tissue in group breadfruit leaves extract 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW score 0 &#40;induction of alloxan&#8211;nicotinamide&#44; administration of breadfruit leaves extracts 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Description&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1EK&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Normal control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Normal</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1KL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Normal control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1KKD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Normal control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2KKD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Negative control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Necrosis&#44; cell inflammation and degeneration up to 50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2KKB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Negative control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Necrosis&#44; cell inflammation and degeneration up to 75&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2KKID&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Negative control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Necrosis&#44; cell inflammation and degeneration up to 50&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3PG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Positive control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Necrosis&#44; cell inflammation and degeneration up to 25&#37;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3KKB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Positive control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3KKD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Positive control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4KKD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Extract 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Necrosis&#44; cell inflammation and degeneration up to 50&#37;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4KKB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Extract 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 KL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Extract 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5KKD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Extract 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">necrosis&#44; cell inflammation and degeneration up to 25&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5KL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Extract 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5KKID&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Extract 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2310951.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pancreatic histopathological scoring&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:13 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "IDF diabetes atlas"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "International Diabetes Federation &#40;IDF&#41;"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "edicion" => "8th ed&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "editorial" => "International Diabetes Federation"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Coadministration of alloxan and nicotinamide in rats produces biochemical changes in blood and pathological alterations comparable to the changes in type II diabetes mellitus"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "K&#46;K&#46; Vattam"
                            1 => "H&#46;R&#46;B&#46; Raghavendran"
                            2 => "M&#46;R&#46; Murali"
                            3 => "H&#46; Savatey"
                            4 => "T&#46; Kamarul"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1177/0960327115608246"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                        "link" => array:1 [
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                        ]
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            2 => array:3 [
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                      "titulo" => "Animal models in type 2 diabetes research"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "P&#46;K&#46; Prabhakar"
                            1 => "M&#46; Doble"
                            2 => "A&#46; Kumar"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s11655-011-0810-3"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                    ]
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                ]
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Glucose regulates Foxo1 through insulin receptor signaling in the pancreatic islet &#946;-cell"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "S&#46;C&#46; Martinez"
                            1 => "C&#46; Cras-M&#233;neur"
                            2 => "E&#46; Bernal-Mizrachi"
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                        ]
                      ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2337/db05-0678"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Flavonoids inhibit cytokine-induced endothelial cell adhesion protein gene expression"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;E&#46; Gerritsen"
                            1 => "W&#46;W&#46; Carley"
                            2 => "G&#46;E&#46; Ranges"
                            3 => "C&#46;-P&#46; Shen"
                            4 => "S&#46;A&#46; Phan"
                            5 => "G&#46;F&#46; Ligon"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Pathol"
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                        "volumen" => "147"
                        "paginaInicial" => "278"
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              "identificador" => "bib0095"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Gambaran struktur histologi hepar dan ren mencit setelah pemberian perlakuan infus akar rimpang jahe &#40;zingiber officinale&#41; dengan dosis bertingkat"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Gufron"
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                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
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              ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0100"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "J&#46; Fusco"
                            1 => "E&#46;G&#46; Yousef"
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                    ]
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                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "fecha" => "2018"
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              "identificador" => "bib0105"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "&#946;-Cell failure in type 2 diabetes"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Leibowitz"
                            1 => "N&#46; Kaiser"
                            2 => "E&#46; Cerasi"
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                      ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.2040-1124.2010.00094.x"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "J Diabetes Investig"
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                        "paginaInicial" => "82"
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              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "O&#46;O&#46; Erejuwa"
                            1 => "S&#46;A&#46; Sulaiman"
                            2 => "M&#46;S&#46; Wahab"
                            3 => "K&#46;N&#46; Sirajudeen"
                            4 => "M&#46;S&#46;M&#46;D&#46; Salleh"
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                        ]
                      ]
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
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                        "volumen" => "71"
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              "identificador" => "bib0115"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced rat model of type 2 diabetes"
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                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "A&#46; Ghasemi"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1556/APhysiol.101.2014.4.2"
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                      "titulo" => "Pharmacotherapy&#58; a pathophysiologic approach"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;T&#46; DiPiro"
                            1 => "R&#46;L&#46; Talbert"
                            2 => "G&#46;C&#46; Yee"
                            3 => "G&#46;R&#46; Matzke"
                            4 => "B&#46;G&#46; Wells"
                            5 => "L&#46;M&#46; Posey"
                          ]
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                    ]
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                      "Libro" => array:3 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Metformin and its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects&#59; new concepts"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "A&#46;H&#46; Dehkordi"
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                            2 => "S&#46; Mir"
                            3 => "A&#46; Hasanvand"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Renal Inj Prev"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of sukun leaf extract &#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Artocarpus altilis</span> &#40;Park&#46;&#41; Fosberg&#93; on insulin resistance in obese rats &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rattus norvegicus</span>&#41;&#58; a study of free fatty acid &#40;FFA&#41; levels"
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                            1 => "R&#46; Natzir"
                            2 => "G&#46; Alam"
                            3 => "A&#46;S&#46; Bukhari"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Pakistan J Nutr"
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        "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors Acknowledge Pharmacy Faculty of Hasanuddin University for supporting this study&#46; We would like to thank Darul Istiqomah Islamic Boarding School in Timbuseng Village for supplying the breadfruit leaves&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 26039249
Original language: English
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos