metricas
covid
Buscar en
Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología
Toda la web
Inicio Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología Enfermedad de Alzheimer: deterioro cognitivo y funcional asociado a polimorfismo...
Información de la revista
Vol. 37. Núm. 2.
Páginas 111-119 (Enero 2002)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 37. Núm. 2.
Páginas 111-119 (Enero 2002)
Acceso a texto completo
Enfermedad de Alzheimer: deterioro cognitivo y funcional asociado a polimorfismos de APOE y A2M
Alzheimer’s disease. Cognitive and functional deterioration associated to polymorphisms and APOE and A2M
Visitas
6805
F. Fariñas, P. Gil Gregorio*
Servicio Geriatría. Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Madrid
I. Sastre*, M.J. Bullido*
* Centro de Biología Molecular «Severo Ochoa» Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Madrid
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Resumen
Objetivos

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron los siguientes: 1. Estudiarel riesgo de enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) asociado a polimorfismos en los genes APOE y A2M, en un estudio de comparación caso-control. y 2. Estudiar la posible relación genotipo/fenotipo de los genes APOE y A2M con la EA, analizando el efecto de los polimorfismos sobre la edad de comienzo y la evolución de los síntomas de la EA en la muestra de pacientes.

Material Y Métodos

Se incluyeron en el estudio 145 personas mayores de 65 años, estudiadas en el Servicio de Geriatría del Hospital Clínico de San Carlos. Se estableció un grupo control (individuos sin deterioro cognitivo) constituido por 73 individuos, y un grupo con diagnóstico de EA probable (según criterios NINCDS-ADRA) sin asociación familiar, de 72 pacientes. Todos ellos fueron valorados cognitivamente mediante la aplicación del Mini Examen Cognitivo (MEC) y el apartado cognitivo del CAMDEX (CAMCOG). El estadio evolutivo de la enfermedad se asignó mediante la escala FAST. Como índices de progresión de la enfermedad se utilizaron las razones FAST/tiempo de evolución y [decremento CAMCOG]/tiempo. Se realizó una extracción de DNA genómico de muestras de sangre para determinar el genotipo ApoE, realizar el análisis mutacional del promotor y primer intrón del mismo gen, y estudiar la presencia de la deleción en A2M.

Resultados

En cuanto al estudio de riesgo, encontramos que un 21% de los pacientes presentaban el alelo ε4, frente a un 6,2% en el grupo control, y un riesgo significativo de EA asociado a este alelo. No encontramos diferencias significativas entre casos y controles en la distribución de alelos de los polimorfismos del promotor APOE ni del polimorfismo de deleción de cinco pares de bases en el exon 8 de A2M, aunque sí se observaron ligeras tendencias a la asociación en los polimorfismos –491 A/T y –219 T/G del promotor APOE.

El estudio de la correlación genotipo fenotipo mostró que: a) Deacuerdo con lo descrito en otros estudios, el alelo ε4 se asociaba a una edad de comienzo de síntomas (ECS) más precoz que ε3 y ε2, aunque las diferencias no alcanzaron la significacion estadística y b) El polimorfismo –219 T/G del promotor APOE parece estar asociado con la agresividad de la EA; concretamente, el genotipo -219 GG se asoció a un edad de comienzo de la enfermedad muy tardía (> 75 anos) en el 88,2% de los casos (p< 0,001), y a una progresion lenta de la enfermedad (70,6%, p< 0,001)

Conclusiones

Dada la frecuencia de la variante APOE -219GG en la población general (aproximadamente un 32% de homozigotos) y su asociación con formas de comienzo muy tardío y de evolucion lenta de EA, su utilización como marcador genético en la EA esporádica podría ser de utilidad clinica.

Palabras clave:
Enfermedad de Alzheimer
Demencia
APOE
A2M
Polimorfismo
Promotor
Summary
Objectives

The objectives of this study are the following: 1. Study the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) associated to polymorphisms in the APOE and A2M genes in a case-control comparison study and 2. Study the possible genotype/phenotype relationship of the APOE and A2M genes with AD, analyzing the effect of the polymorphisms on the age of onset and evolution of the AD symptoms in the patient sample.

Material And Methods

145 persons over 65 years, studied in the Geriatrics Service of the «Hospital Clinico of San Carlos» were included in the study. A control group (individuals without cognitive deterioration, made up of 73 subjects, and a group with the diagnosis of probable AD (according to the NINCDS-ADRA criteria) without family association made up of 72 patients were established. All of them were assessed cognitively with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the cognitive section of the CAMDEX (CAMCOG). The evolutive stage of the disease was assigned with the FAST scale. As disease progression indexes, the FAST/evolution and [CAMCOG decrease]/ time ratios were used. An extraction of genomic DNA from blood samples was performed to determine the genotype ApoE, perform the mutational analysis of the promoter and first intron of the same gene and study the presence of the deletion in A2M.

Results

In regards to the study of risk, we found that 21% of the patients presented allele ε4 compared to 6.2% in the control group and a significant risk of AD associated to this allele. We found no significant differences between cases and controls in the distribution of alleles of the polymorphisms of the APOE promoter or of the polymorphism of deletion of 5 base pairs in exon 8 of A2M, although slight tendencies to the association in the polymorphisms -491 A/T and - 219 T/G of the APOE promotor were observed.

The study of the genotype-phenotype correlation showed that: a) according to that described in other studies, allele ε4 was associated to an earlier age of onset of the symptoms (AOS) than ε3 and ε2, although the differences did not reach statistical significance and b) the polymorphism -219 T/G of the APOE promotor seems to be associated with the aggressivity of the AD; specifically the genotype -219 GG was associated to the onset age of the very late disease (>75 years) in 88.2% of the cases (0< 0.001) and a slow progression of the disease (70.6%, p< 0.001).

Conclusions

Given the frequency of the APOE -219GG variant in the general population (approximately 32% of homozygotes) and its association with very late onset forms and slow evolution of AD, its use as a genetic marker in the sporadic AD could be clinically useful. Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, APOE, A2M, Polymorphism, Promotor

Key words:
Alzheimer’s disease
Dementia
APOE
A2M
Polymorphism
Promotor
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
F. Fariñas.
Genética y patología molecular de la enfermedad de Alzheimer.
Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol, 35 (2000), pp. 9-17
[2.]
W.J. Strittmatter, A.M. Saunders, D. Schmechel, M. Pericak-Vance, J. Enghild, G.S. Salvesen, A.D. Roses.
Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease.
Proc Nat Acad Sci, 90 (1993), pp. 1977-1981
[3.]
A.M. Saunders.
Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: an update on genetic and functional analyses.
J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 59 (2000), pp. 751-758
[4.]
P. Kehoe, F. Wavrant-De Vrieze, R. Crook, W.S. Wu, P. Holmans, I. Fenton, et al.
A full genome scan for late onset Alzheimer’s disease.
Hum Mol Genet, 8 (1999), pp. 237-245
[5.]
E. Warwick Daw, H. Payami, E.J. Nemens, D. Nochlin, T.D. Bird, G.D. Schellenberg, et al.
The number of trait loci in late-onset Alzheimer disease.
Am J Hum Genet, 66 (2000), pp. 196-204
[6.]
M.A. Pericak-Vance, M.P. Bass, L.H. Yamaoka, P.C. Gaskell, W.K. Scott, H.A. Terwedow, et al.
Complete genomic screen in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Evidence for a new locus on chromosome 12.
JAMA, 278 (1997), pp. 1237-1241
[7.]
D. Blacker, M.A. Wilcox, N.M. Laird, L. Rodes, S.M. Horvath, R.C. Go, et al.
Alpha-2 macroglobulin is genetically associated with Alzheimer disease.
Nat Genet, 19 (1998), pp. 357-360
[8.]
H.W. Müller, P.J. Gebicke-Harter, D.H. Hangen, E.M. Shooter.
A specific 37,000-dalton protein that accumulates in regenerating but not in nonregenerating mammalian nerves.
Science, 228 (1985), pp. 499-501
[9.]
M.J. Ignatius, P.J. Gebicke-Harter, J.H. Skene, J.W. Schilling, K.H. Weisgraber, R.W. Mahley, E.M. Shooter.
Expression of apolipoprotein E during nerve degeneration and regeneration.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 83 (1986), pp. 1125-1129
[10.]
G.J. Snipes, C.B. McGuire, J.J. Norden, J.A. Freeman.
Nerve injury stimulates the secretion of apolipoprotein E by nonneuronal cells.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 83 (1986), pp. 1130-1134
[11.]
Y. Chen, L. Lomnitski, D.M. Michaelson, E. Shohami.
Motor and cognitive deficits in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice after closed head injury.
Neuroscience, 80 (1997), pp. 1255-1262
[12.]
E. Masliah, W. Samuel, I. Veinbergs, M. Mallory, M. Mante, T. Saitoh.
Neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in apoE-deficient mice is ameliorated by infusion of recombinant apoE.
Brain Res, 751 (1997), pp. 307-314
[13.]
J. Raber, D. Wong, M. Buttini, M. Orth, S. Bellosta, R.E. Pitas, et al.
Isoformspecific effects of human apolipoprotein E on brain function revealed in ApoE knockout mice: increased susceptibility of females.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95 (1998), pp. 10914-10919
[14.]
H. Sheng, D.T. Laskowitz, E. Bennett, D.E. Schmechel, R.D. Bart, A.M. Saunders, et al.
Apolipoprotein E isoform-specific differences in outcome from focal ischemia in transgenic mice.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 18 (1998), pp. 361-366
[15.]
M. Buttini, M. Orth, S. Bellosta, H. Akeefe, R.E. Pitas, T. Wyss-Coray, et al.
Expression of human apolipoprotein E3 or E4 in the brains of APOE -/-mice: isoform-specific effects on neurodegeneration.
J Neurosci, 19 (1999), pp. 4867-4880
[16.]
J.A. Nicoll, C. Burnett, S. Love, D.I. Graham, J.W. Ironside, H.V. Vinters.
High frequency of apolipoprotein E epsilon 2 in patients with cerebral hemorrhage due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
Ann Neurol, 39 (1996), pp. 682-683
[17.]
G.M. Teasdale, J.A. Nicoll, G. Murray, M. Fiddes.
Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with outcome after head injury.
Lancet, 350 (1997), pp. 1069-1071
[18.]
A.J. Slooter, M.X. Tang, C.M. van Duijn, Y. Stern, A. Ott, K. Bell, et al.
Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 and the risk of dementia with stroke. A populationbased investigation.
JAMA, 277 (1997), pp. 818-821
[19.]
M.A. Pericak-Vance, J.L. Bebout, P.C. Gaskell, L.H. Yamaoka, W.Y. Hung, M.J. Alberts, et al.
Linkage studies in familial Alzheimer’s disease. Evidence for chromosome 19 linkage.
Am J Hum Genet, 48 (1991), pp. 1034-1050
[20.]
W.J. Strittmatter, A.M. Saunders, D. Schmechel, M.A. Pericak-Vance, J. Enghild, G.S. Salvesen, et al.
Apolipoprotein E: High-avidity binding to β-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90 (1993), pp. 1977-1981
[21.]
J. Davignon, R.E. Gregg, C.F. Sing.
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis.
Arterioesclerosis, 8 (1988), pp. 1-21
[22.]
A.M. Saunders, W.J. Strittmatter, D. Schmechel, P.H. St George-Hyslop<, M.A. Pericak-Vance, S.H. Joo, et al.
Association of apolipoprotein E allele ε4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease.
Neurology, 43 (1993), pp. 1467-1472
[23.]
F. Schachter, L. Faure-Delanef, F. Guenot, H. Rouger, P. Froguel, L. Lesueur-Ginot, et al.
Genetic associations with human longevity at the APOE and ACE loci.
Nat Genet, 6 (1994), pp. 29-32
[24.]
E. Corder, A. Saunders, N. Risch, W.J. Strittmater, D.E. Schmechel, P.C. Gaskell, et al.
Protective effect of apolipoprotein E type 2 allele for late onset Alzheimer disease.
Nat genet, 7 (1994), pp. 180-184
[25.]
E.H. Corder, A.M. Saunders, W.J. Strittmatter, D.E. Schmechel, P.C. Gaskell, G.W. Small, et al.
Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type ε4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in late onset families.
Science, 261 (1993), pp. 921-923
[26.]
T. Yoshizawa, K. Yamakawa-Kobayashi, Y. Komatsuzaki, T. Arinami, E. Oguni, H. Mizusawa, et al.
Dose-dependent association of apolipoprotein E allele ε-4 with late-onset, sporadic Alzheimer’s disease.
Ann Neurol, 36 (1994), pp. 656-659
[27.]
M.X. Tang, Y. Stern, K. Marder, K. Bell, B. Gurland, R. Lantigua, et al.
The APOE-epsilon4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease among African Americans, whites, and Hispanics.
JAMA, 279 (1998), pp. 751-755
[28.]
H. Bickeboller, D. Campion, A. Brice, P. Amouyel, D. Hannequin, O. Didierjean, et al.
Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: genotype-specific risks by age and sex.
Am J Hum Genet, 60 (1997), pp. 439-446
[29.]
H. Payami, S. Zareparsi, K.R. Montee, G.J. Sexton, J.A. Kaye, T.D. Bierd, et al.
Gender difference in apolipoprotein E-associated risk for Alzheimer disease: a possible due to the higher incidence of Alzheimer disease in women.
Am J Hum Genet, 58 (1996), pp. 803-811
[30.]
R. Adroer, P. Santacruz, R. Blesa, S. Lopez-Pousa, C. Ascaso, R. Oliva.
Apolipoprotein E4 allele frequency in Spanish Alzheimer and control cases.
Neurosci Lett, 189 (1995), pp. 182-186
[31.]
M.J. Artiga, M.J. Bullido, I. Sastre, M. Recuero, M.A. Garcia, J. Alduno, et al.
Allelic polymorphisms in the transcriptional regulatory region of apolipoprotein E gene.
FEBS Lett, 421 (1998), pp. 105-108
[32.]
M.J. Bullido, M.J. Artiga, M. Recuero, I. Sastre, M.A. Garcia, J. Alduno, et al.
A polymorphism in the regulatory region of APOE associated with risk for Alzheimer’s dementia.
Nat Genet, 18 (1998), pp. 69-71
[33.]
S. Mui, M. Briggs, H. Chung, R.B. Wallace, T. Gomez Isla, G.W. Rebeck, et al.
A newly identified polymorphism in the apolipoprotein E enhancer gene region is associated with Alzheimer’s disease and strongly with the epsilon 4 allele.
Neurology, 47 (1996), pp. 196-201
[34.]
M.J. Artiga, M.J. Bullido, A. Frank, I. Sastre, M. Recuero, M.A. Garcia, et al.
Risk for Alzheimer’s disease correlates with transcriptional activity of the APOE gene.
Hum Mol Genet, 7 (1998), pp. 1887-1892
[35.]
J.C. Lambert, F. Pasquier, D. Cottel, B. Frigard, P. Amouyel, M.C. Chartier-Harlin.
A new polymorphism in the APOE promoter associated with risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.
Hum Mol Genet, 7 (1998), pp. 533-540
[36.]
J.C. Lambert, C. Berr, F. Pasquier, A. Delacourte, B. Frigard, D. Cottel, et al.
Pronounced impact of Th1/E47cs mutation compared with -491 AT mutation on neural APOE gene expression and risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.
Hum Mol Genet, 7 (1998), pp. 1511-1516
[37.]
S.M. Laws, K. Taddei, G. Martins, A. Paton, C. Fisher, R. Clarnette, et al.
The -491 AA polymorphism of the apolipoprotein E gene is associated with increased plasma ApoE levels in Alzheimer’s disease.
Neuroreport, 10 (1999), pp. 879-882
[38.]
M.J. Bullido, F. Valdivieso.
Apolipoprotein E gene promoter polymorphisms in Alzheimer’s disease.
[39.]
G. Roks, M. Cruts, M.J. Bullido, H. Backhovens, M.J. Artiga, A. Hofman, et al.
The -491 polymorphism in the regulatory region of the apolipoprotein E gene and early-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
Neurosci Lett, 258 (1998), pp. 65-68
[40.]
A.R. Ahmed, S.H. MacGowan, D. Culpan, R.W. Jones, G.K. Wilcock.
The -491 A/T polimorphism of the apolipoprotein E gene is associated with the APOE e4 allele and Alzheimer’s disease.
Neurosci Lett, 263 (1999), pp. 217-219
[41.]
V.M. Casadei, C. Ferri, F. Veglia, A. Gavazzi, G. Salani, M. Cattaneo, et al.
APOE-491 promoter polymorphism is a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
Neurology, 53 (1999), pp. 1888-1889
[42.]
Y.Q. Song, E. Rogaeva, S. Premkumar, N. Brindle, T. Kawarai, A. Orlacchio, et al.
Absence of association between Alzheimer’s disease and the -491 regulatory region polymorphism of APOE.
Neurosci Lett, 250 (1998), pp. 189-192
[43.]
T. Town, D. Paris, D. Fallin, R. Duara, W. Barker, M. Gold, et al.
The -491 A/T apolipoprotein E promoter polymorphism association with Alzheimer’s disease: Independent risk and linkage disequilibrium with the known APOE polymorphism.
Neurosci Lett, 252 (1998), pp. 95-98
[44.]
S. Helisalmi, M. Hiltunen, P. Valonen, A. Mannermaa, A.M. Koivisto, M. Lehtovirta, et al.
Promoter polymorphism (-491A/T) in the APOE gene of Finnish Alzheimer’s disease patiens and control individuals.
J Neurol, 246 (1999), pp. 821-824
[45.]
H. Toji, H. Maruyama, K. Sasaki, S. Nakamura, H. Kawakami.
Apolipoprotein E promoter polymorphism and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease in a Japanese population.
Neurosci Lett, 259 (1999), pp. 56-58
[46.]
L. Chen, L. Baum, H.K. Ng, L.Y. Chan, I. Sastre, M.J. Artiga, et al.
Apolipoprotein E promoter and alpha2-macroglobulin polymorphisms are not genetically associated with Chinese late onset Alzheimer’s disease.
Neurosci Lett, 269 (1999), pp. 173-177
[47.]
J. Thome, J.C. Gewirtz, N. Sakai, V. Zachariou, P. Retz-Junginger, W. Retz, et al.
Polymorphisms of the human apolipoprotein E promoter and bleomycin hydrolase gene: risk factors for Alzheimer’s dementia?.
Neurosci Lett, 274 (1999), pp. 37-40
[48.]
L. Zurutuza, P. Verpillat, G. Raux, D. Hannequin, M. Puel, S. Belliard, et al.
APOE promoter polymorphisms do not confer independent risk for Alzheimer’s disease in a French population.
Eur J Hum Genet, 8 (2000), pp. 713-716
[49.]
G.W. Rebeck, B.S. Cheung, W.B. Growdon, A. Deng, P. Akuthota, J. Locascio, et al.
Lack of independent associations of apolipoprotein E promoter and intron 1 polymorphisms with Alzheimer’s disease.
Neurosci Lett, 272 (1999), pp. 155-158
[50.]
Y. Fukushima, G.I. Bell, T.B. Shows.
The polymorphic human alpha-2-macroglobulin gene (A2M) is located in chromosome region 12p12.3-p13.3.
Cytogenet Cell Genet, 48 (1988), pp. 58-59
[51.]
P. Marynen, J. Zhang, K. Devriendt, J.J. Cassiman.
Alpha-2-macroglobulin, pregnancy zone protein and an alpha-2-macroglobulin pseudogene map to chromosome 12p12.2-p13.
(Abstract) Cytogenet Cell Genet, 51 (1989), pp. 1040
[52.]
K. Devriendt, J. Zhang, F. van Leuven, H. van den Berghe, J.J. Cassiman, P. Marynen.
A cluster of alpha 2-macroglobulin-related genes (alpha 2 M) on human chromosome 12p: cloning of the pregnancy-zone protein gene and an alpha 2M pseudogene.
Gene, 81 (1989), pp. 325-334
[53.]
G. Matthijs, K. Devriendt, J.J. Cassiman, H. van den Berghe, P. Marynen.
Structure of the human alpha-2 macroglobulin gene and its promotor (sic).
Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 184 (1992), pp. 596-603
[54.]
V. Alvarez, R. Alvarez, C.H. Lahoz, C. Martinez, J. Pena, L.M. Guisaosla, et al.
Association between an α2 macroglobulin DNA polymorphism and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 264 (1999), pp. 48-50
[55.]
D.J. Dow, N. Lindsey, N.J. Cairns, C. Brayne, D. Robinson, F.A. Huppert, et al.
Alpha-2 macroglobulin polymorphism and Alzheimer disease risk in the UK (Letter).
Nature Genet, 22 (1999), pp. 16-17
[56.]
V. Rudrasingham, F. Wavrant-De Vrieze, J.C. Lambert, S. Chakraverty, P. Kehoe, R. Crook, et al.
Alpha-2 macroglobulin gene and Alzheimer disease (Letter).
Nature Genet, 22 (1999), pp. 17-19
[57.]
E.A. Rogaeva, S. Premkumar, J. Grubber, L. Serneels, W.K. Scott, T. Kawarai, et al.
An alpha-2-macroglobulin insertion-deletion polymorphism in Alzheimer disease.
(Letter) Nature Genet, 22 (1999), pp. 19-21
[58.]
Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría..
DSM-IV. Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales. Masson SA. Barcelona, (1995),
[59.]
G. McKhann, D. Drachman, M. Folstein, R. Katzman, D. Price, E.M. Stadlan.
Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s disease.
Neurology, 34 (1984), pp. 939-944
[60.]
A. Lobo, J. Ezquerra, F.B. Gómez, J.M. Sala, A. Seva.
El Mini Examen Cognoscitivo. Un test sencillo y práctico para detectar alteraciones conductuales en pacientes médicos.
Actas Luso-Esp Neurol Psiquiatr, 7 (1979), pp. 189-192
[61.]
M.F. Folstein, S.E. Folstein, P.R. Mc Hugh.
Mini-mental State. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patiens for the clinician.
J Psychiatr Res, 12 (1975), pp. 189-198
[62.]
M. Roth, E. Tym, C.Q. Mountjoy.
CAMDEX: A standardised instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia.
Br J Psychiatry, 149 (1986), pp. 698-709
[63.]
S. Katz, A.B. Ford, R.W. Moskowith, B.A. Jackson, M.A. Jaffe.
The index of ADL: A standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function.
JAMA, 185 (1963), pp. 914-919
[64.]
S.G. Sclan, B. Reisberg.
Functional assessment staging (FAST) in Alzheimer’s disease: reability, validity, and ordinality.
Int Psychogeriatr, 4 (1992), pp. 55-69
[65.]
J.L. Cummigs, M. Mega, K. Gray, S. Rosenberg-Thompson, D.A. Carusi, J. Gornbein.
The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensible assessment of psychopathology in dementia.
Neurology, 44 (1994), pp. 2308-2314
[66.]
A. Kurz, M. Haupt, S. Pollmann, B. Romero.
Enfermedad de Alzheimer: ¿Hay datos de la existencia de subtipos fenomenológicos?.
Observaciones de un estudio longitudinal. Dementia, 3 (1993), pp. 144-151
[67.]
J.E. Hixson, D.T. Vernier.
Restriction isotyping of human apolipoprotein E by gene amplification and cleavage with HhaI. J.
lipid Res, 31 (1990), pp. 545-548
[68.]
M.J. Bullido, P. Guallar-Castillon, M.J. Artiga, M.C. Ramos, I. Sastre, J. Alduno, et al.
Alzheimer’s risk associated with human apolipoprotein E. alpha-2 macroglobulin and lipoprotein receptor related protein polymorphisms: absence of genetic interactions, and modulation by gender.
Neurosci Lett, 289 (2000), pp. 213-216
Copyright © 2002. Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos