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Inicio Neurología (English Edition) Decreased spasticity in primary lateral sclerosis after botulinum toxin injectio...
Información de la revista
Vol. 33. Núm. 2.
Páginas 131-133 (marzo 2018)
Vol. 33. Núm. 2.
Páginas 131-133 (marzo 2018)
Letter to the Editor
Open Access
Decreased spasticity in primary lateral sclerosis after botulinum toxin injection: A case report
Mejoría de la espasticidad en esclerosis lateral primaria tras la inyección de toxina botulínica. A propósito de un caso
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A. Alabajos Ceaa,
Autor para correspondencia
ana.alabajos@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, I. Máñez Añóna, C. Roda Alcaydea, J.F. Vázquez Costab, M. Guevara Salazara
a Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
b Servicio de Neurología, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Table 1. Changes in the patient's ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) score.
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Dear Editor:

Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a variant of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in which the upper motor neuron and, secondarily, the corticospinal tract degenerate, with no clinical or neurophysiological involvement of the lower motor neuron.1 Clinically, the disease is characterised by progressive spasticity and poor limb coordination. Prognosis of PLS is significantly better than that of classic ALS, with slower progression and higher survival rates.2 Treating spasticity can have a meaningful impact on patients’ quality of life, although few studies have addressed this topic. We present the case of a patient with PLS presenting with severe spasticity from onset, whose symptoms improved significantly following treatment with botulinum toxin (BTX).

The patient is a 37-year-old man who began experiencing gait alterations in 2010. Examination revealed hyperreflexia, spasticity, and poor coordination of the lower limbs, with no sensory involvement. Blood testing (including an autoimmune study and monoclonal component detection) and a lumbar puncture yielded normal results. The neurophysiological study ruled out lower motor neuron involvement. A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan revealed hyperintensity in the corticospinal tracts on the FLAIR sequence, with an SWI sequence revealing a hypointense rim in the precentral gyrus (Fig. 1). Based on these findings, we diagnosed the patient with suspected PLS and initiated treatment with riluzole. As the disease progressed, the patient presented pyramidal signs in the upper limbs, and spastic dysarthria. An additional electromyography performed 4 years after symptom onset ruled out lower motor neuron involvement; we were therefore able to establish a definitive diagnosis of PLS.1 Initial treatment with tetrazepam reduced spasticity, but caused generalised weakness which prevented the patient from standing. In September 2012, the patient displayed spastic gait and was only able to walk short distances. He required 2 canes to walk indoors, with frequent falls, and a wheelchair to move outdoors. He also had poor coordination in the right hand and had a tendency to drop objects. The patient scored 32 on the ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) (Table 1) and 3-4/5. Deep tendon reflexes were hyperactive in the lower limbs, with persistent clonus and extensor cutaneous plantar reflexes. Spasticity scored 2 on the Ashworth Scale and increased when he began walking, with the patient experiencing freezing. The 10-Metre Walk Test could not be performed, as he was unable to walk 10 metres.

Figure 1.

Brain MRI, SWI sequence. A hypointense rim is visible on the hand knob of the precentral gyrus.

(0.07MB).
Table 1.

Changes in the patient's ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) score.

ALSFRS-R  January 2012  July 2013  June 2014 
Speech  Normal speech processes  Normal speech processes  Detectable speech disturbance 
Salivation  Normal  Normal  Slight but definite excess of saliva in mouth; may have night-time drooling 
Swallowing  Normal eating habits  Normal eating habits  Early eating problems; occasional choking 
Handwriting  Slow or sloppy; all words are legible  Slow or sloppy; all words are legible  Slow or sloppy; all words are legible 
Cutting food  Can cut most foods, although clumsy and slow; some help needed  Can cut most foods, although clumsy and slow; some help needed  Can cut most foods, although clumsy and slow; some help needed 
Dressing and hygiene  Needs assistance for most tasks  Intermittent assistance or substitute methods  Independent and complete self-care with effort or decreased efficiency 
Turning in bed  Can turn alone or adjust sheets, but with great difficulty  Somewhat slow and clumsy, but no help needed  Somewhat slow and clumsy, but no help needed 
Walking  Non-ambulatory functional movement only  Early ambulation difficulties  Walks with assistance 
Climbing stairs  Cannot do  Needs assistance  Needs assistance 
Dyspnoea  None  None  None 
Orthopnoea  None  None  None 
Respiratory insufficiency  None  None  None 
Time since symptom onset (years)  1-2  3-5  5-10 
Total [0=worst, 48=best]  Score: 32  Score: 38  Score: 36 

We began treatment with Lioresal® in combination with stretches in the therapeutic gymnasium and hydrotherapy. Lioresal® was not tolerated, and gait function did not change with the physiotherapy. We therefore proposed attempting to control spasticity with local BTX injections. In February 2013, 50 units of BTX were injected into the left and right solei. The patient continued with the physiotherapy programme, progressively performing stretches, muscle toning, balance control exercises, and gait re-education. One month later, there was a significant improvement in the patient's spasticity, resulting also in a functional improvement. The patient was able to walk indoors with one cane and short distances outdoors with 2. Falls had become less frequent. This made the patient feel safer and enabled him to improve his physical condition by performing his pool and toning exercises, according to the instruction he had received, outside the setting of the therapeutic gymnasium (ALSFRS-R, Table 1). Examination revealed improved strength and spasticity; clonus had resolved. The patient completed the 10-Metre Walk Test in 20seconds, taking 21 steps.

Four months later (June 2013) and at subsequent sessions, the patient received injections of 50 units of BTX, distributed between the left and right solei and gastrocnemii. The patient's current ALSFRS-R score is 36 due to the appearance of bulbar symptoms (Table 1). During this time, the patient has continued walking, although he currently requires 2 canes to walk both indoors and outdoors.

Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of BTX in treating sialorrhoea in patients with ALS, with no cases describing a global worsening of the disease.3–5 We found only 2 references to BTX use for the treatment of spasticity associated with ALS, and none for PLS. Kent et al.6 present the case of a patient who responded poorly to the treatment, with remote secondary effects (dysphagia and dysarthria). Deffontaines-Rufin et al.7 describe a series of 39 patients with ALS, over half of whom displayed improved spasticity following an initial injection of BTX; however, this was reported in a communication delivered at a congress, and clinical data are unavailable. One of these patients developed transient respiratory symptoms; no other secondary effects were reported. There is no physiological basis to contraindicate the use of BTX in patients with PLS; there should therefore be no worsening of the disease if the proper dose is administered.8–10

In the light of the above, and given our patient's poor response to medical treatment and physiotherapy, we decided to begin treatment with local injections of BTX, aiming to achieve functional results. Infiltrations were administered periodically for over 2 years, achieving the desired functional objective and with no secondary effects.

The improvement in such an important function as gait, and being able to continue partaking in social activities, have afforded our patient a significantly higher quality of life, despite the progression of his condition, which is following the expected course for PLS.

Funding

This study has received no funding of any kind.

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

References
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P.H. Gordon, B. Cheng, I.B. Katz, M. Pinto, P. Hays, H. Mitsumoto, et al.
The natural history of primary lateral sclerosis.
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Clinical evolution of pure upper motor neuron disease/dysfunction (PUMMD).
Muscle Nerve, 47 (2013), pp. 28-32
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Volume matters: the influence of different botulinum Toxin-A dilutions for sialorrhea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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[8]
R. Miller, C. Jackson, E.J. Kasarskis, J.D. England, D. Forshew, W. Johnston, et al.
Practice Parameter Update: The Care of the Patient with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Multidisciplinary Care, Symptom Management, and Cognitive/behavioral Impairment (an Evidence-based Review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
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[9]
R. Miller, C. Jackson, E. Kasarskis, J.D. England, D. Forshew, W. Johnston, et al.
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Ann Neurol, 65 (2009), pp. S17-S23

Please cite this article as: Alabajos Cea A, Máñez Añón I, Roda Alcayde C, Vázquez Costa JF, Guevara Salazar M. Mejoría de la espasticidad en esclerosis lateral primaria tras la inyección de toxina botulínica. A propósito de un caso. Neurología. 2018;33:131–133.

Copyright © 2015. Sociedad Española de Neurología
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