Buscar en
Atención Primaria
Toda la web
Inicio Atención Primaria La hipertensión en los ancianos y resultados globales en salud con distintas te...
Información de la revista
Vol. 26. Núm. 8.
Páginas 533-541 (Enero 2000)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 26. Núm. 8.
Páginas 533-541 (Enero 2000)
Acceso a texto completo
La hipertensión en los ancianos y resultados globales en salud con distintas terapias farmacológicas
Hypertension in the elderly and end-points in health with different pharmacological therapy
Visitas
3308
V. Ruiz-Garcíaa,
Autor para correspondencia
ruiz_vicgar@gva.es

Correspondencia: Vicente Ruiz-García C/ Padre Fullana, 6, 7.°-19. 46015 Valencia.
, R. Peirób
a Unidad de Hospitalización a Domicilio. Hospital La Fe. Conselleria de Sanitat. Hospital La Fe y Centro de Salud Pública Alzira. Conselleria de Sanitat de Valencia. Valencia
b Centro de Salud Pública Alzira. Dirección General de Salud Pública. Consellería de Sanitat. Hospital La Fe y Centro de Salud Pública Alzira. Conselleria de Sanitat de Valencia. Valencia
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Objetivos

Se revisa el tratamiento antihipertensivo en los ancianos, los resultados en morbilidad y mortalidad con distintas terapias farmacológicas.

Diseño

Revisión sistemática.

Participantes

Se revisan los ensayos de ancianos –hipertensión– con resultados en morbimortalidad de Medline y en la base de datos de la colaboración Cochrane.

Mediciones y resultados principales

Beneficio de tratamiento en pacientes ancianos medido como morbilidad (coronaria, cerebral) y mortalidad (general, cardiovascular y cerebrovascular).

Resultados

Existe suficiente evidencia de que el tratamiento de la hipertensión es útil en los ancianos, aunque es dudosa la eficacia para ancianos de edad superior a 80 años.

Mortalidad general

RR, 0,84 (0,75–0,94); morbilidad coronaria: RR, 0,80 (0,70–0,92). Para mayores de 80 años, mortalidad general; RR, 1 (0,86–1,17), y mortalidad cardiovascular: RR, 0,94 (0,75–1,18). No todos los grupos farmacológicos producen los mismos resultados en mortalidad y morbilidad. Los diuréticos son los que mejores resultados aportan sobre el resto de tratamientos farmacológicos. Sólo los diuréticos a dosis bajas mejoran la mortalidad cardiovascular y modifican la morbilidad cerebrovascular.

Conclusiones

El tratamiento farmacológico en los ancianos hipertensos es beneficioso en términos de mortalidad y morbilidad. El tratamiento con diuréticos a dosis bajas, con o sin ahorradores de potasio, es el tratamiento electivo para la hipertensión en los ancianos.

Palabras clave:
Ancianos
Hipertensión
Morbilidad
Mortalidad
Tratamiento
Objectives

To describe the benefits of treatment for hypertension in the elderly, the most efficient drugs, those most widely used in clinical practice to reduce morbi-mortality taken from the literature.

Design

Systematic review.

Participants

Review study in Medline and the Cochrane Collaboration database. The antihypertensive pharmacological treatment is described (diuretics high and low dosage, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitor, and beta-blockers) administered to elderly people and their outcomes in morbi-mortality.

Measurements and main results

Reduction in coronary and cerebral morbidity and general, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality.

Results

There is evidence to suggest that treatment for hypertension is helpful in the elderly, although efficiency is doubtful in patients over 80 years old. For persons aged over 65 general mortality is RR = 0.84 (0.75–0.94) and coronary morbidity RR = 0.80 (0.70–0.92). For persons aged over 80 general mortality is RR = 1 (0.86–1.17) and cardiovascular mortality is RR = 0.94 (0.75–1.18). Not all pharmacological groups produce the same results in mortality and morbidity. Diuretics (low dosage) offer better results than the remaining treatments reducing cardiovascular mortality as well cerebrovascular morbidity.

Conclusions

Treatment with drugs in hypertense elderly people is beneficial in terms of mortality and morbidity. Treatment with low dose diuretics, with or without potassium savers, is the elective treatment for hypertension in elderly patients.

El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
Joint National Committee on detection, evaluation and treatment, of High Blood Pressure.
The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on detection, evaluation and treatment of High Blood Pressure.
Arch Intern Med, 157 (1997), pp. 2413-2446
[2.]
The guideline subcommitte of the WHO/ISH mild hypertension liaison commitee.
1993 Guidelines for the management of mild hypertension: memorandum from a World Health Organization /international Society of Hypertension meeting.
Hypertension, 22 (1993), pp. 392-403
[3.]
Sociedad-Liga Española para la Lucha contra la Hipertensión Arterial.
Control de la hipertensión en España. Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo.
[4.]
H. Pardell, R. Tresserras, P. Armario, R. Hernández.
Actions implemented to improve hypertension control in Spain.
Am J Hypertens, 11 (1998), pp. 763-765
[5.]
J.R. Banegas, F. Rodríguez-Artalejo, J.C. Troca, P.G. Castillon, J. ReyCalero.
Blood pressure in Spain. Distribution, awareness, control and benefits of a reduction in average pressure.
Hypertension, 32 (1998), pp. 998-1002
[6.]
ECEHA.
Estudio cooperativo sobre la hipertensión en el anciano. Fase I: prevalecia.
[7.]
C. Alli, F. Avanzini, G. Bettelli, Colombo, V. Torri, G. Tognoni.
The long term prognostic significance of repeated blood pressure measurements in the elderly SPAA (Studio sulla pressone arteriosa nell anciano) 10 year follow up.
Arch Intern Med, 159 (1999), pp. 1205-1212
[8.]
A. Coca.
Control de la hipertensión arterial en España. Resultados del estudio Controlpres 95.
Hipertensión, 12 (1995), pp. 182-188
[9.]
M. Luque.
Factores de riesgo cardiovascular.
[10.]
A. Jadad.
Randomised controlled trials A user's guide.
Assessing the quality of RCTs: why, what, how, and by whom?, pp. 138
[11.]
B.M. Psaty, N.L. Smith, D.S. Siscovick, T.D. Koepsell, N.S. Weiss, S.R. Heckbert, et al.
Health outcomes associated with antihypertensive therapies used as first line agents. A systematic review and meta-analysis.
JAMA, 277 (1997), pp. 739-745
[12.]
G.H. Guyatt, D.L. Sackett, D.J. Cook.
por el Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Guías para usuarios de literatura médica: cómo utilizar un artículo de tratamiento o prevención. ¿Cuáles son los resultados? ¿Me ayudarán en la asitencia a mis pacientes? La medicina basada en la evidencia (guías del ususario de la literatura médica).
pp. 35-44
[13.]
J. Coope, T. Warrender.
Randomised trial of treatment of hypertension in elderly patients in primary care.
BMJ, 293 (1986), pp. 1145-1148
[14.]
B.R. Davis, T. Vogt, P.H. Frost, A. Burlando, J. Cohen, A. Wilson, et al.
Risk factors for stroke and type of stroke in persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Systolic hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group.
Stroke, 29 (1998), pp. 1333-1340
[15.]
B. Dahlöf, L. Hansson, L. Lindholm, B. Schersten, P.O. Wester.
STOP-hypertension-preliminary communication from the pilot study of the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension.
J Hypertens, 5 (1987), pp. 607-610
[16.]
A. Amery, P. Brixko, D. Clement, A. De Shaepdryver, R. Fagard, J. Forte, et al.
Mortality and morbidity results from the european working party on high blood pressure in the elderly trial.
Lancet, 1 (1985), pp. 1349-1354
[17.]
R.O. Estacio, B.W. Jeffers, W.R. Hiatt, S.L. Biggerstaff, N. Gifford, R.W. Schrrier.
The effect on nisoldipine as compared with enalapril on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non insulin dependent diabetes and hypertension.
N Engl J Med, 338 (1998), pp. 645-652
[18.]
L. Hansson, L.H. Lindholm, L. Niskanen, J. Lanke, T. Hedner, A. Niklason, et al.
Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial.
Lancet, 353 (1999), pp. 611-616
[19.]
L. Hansson, L.H. Lindholm, T. Ekbom, B. Dahlöf, J. Lanke, B. Scherstén, et al.
Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study.
Lancet, 354 (1999), pp. 1751-1756
[20.]
Hypertension-Stroke Cooperative Study Group.
Effect of antihypertensive treatment on stroke recurrence.
JAMA, 229 (1974), pp. 409-418
[21.]
MRC Working Party.
Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results.
BMJ, 304 (1992), pp. 405-412
[22.]
H. Petrovitch, T.M. Vogt, K.G. Berge.
Isolated systolic hypertension: lowering the risk of stroke in older patients. SHEP Cooperative Research Group.
Geriatrics, 47 (1992), pp. 30-32
[23.]
J.D. Curb, S.L. Pressel, J.A. Cutler.
for the systolic in the Hipertension Eldelry Coperative Research Group. Effect of diuretic based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension.
JAMA, 276 (1996), pp. 1886-1892
[24.]
K. Sutton-Tyrrell, H.G. Alcorn, H. Herzog, S.F. Kelsey, L.H. Kuller.
Morbidity, mortality, and antihypertensive treatment effects by extent of atherosclerosis in older adults with isolated systolic hypertension.
Stroke, 26 (1995), pp. 1319-1324
[25.]
J.A. Staessen, R. Fagard, L. Thijs, H. Celis, W.H. Birkenhager, C.J. Bulpitt, et al.
Subgroup and per-protocol analysis of the randomized European Trial on Isolated Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly.
Arch Intern Med, 158 (1998), pp. 1681-1691
[26.]
B. Dahlöf, L.H. Lindholm, L. Hansson, B. Scherstén, T. Ekbom, P.O. Wester.
Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP-Hypertension).
Lancet, 338 (1991), pp. 1281-1285
[27.]
J.A. Staessen, R. Fagard, L. Thijs, H. Celis, G.G. Arabidze, W.H. Birkenhäger, et al.
Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators.
Lancet, 350 (1997), pp. 757-764
[28.]
J. Tuomilehto, D. Rastenyte, W.H. Birkenhager, L. Thijs, R. Antikainen, C.J. Bulpitt, et al.
Effects of calcium-channel blockade in older patients with diabetes and systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial Investigators.
N Engl J Med, 340 (1999), pp. 677-684
[29.]
C. Mulrow, J. Lau, J. Cornell, M. Brand.
Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in the elderly (Cochrane Review).
The Cochrane Library, 2 (1999), pp. 1-25
[30.]
S. Sanderson.
Hypertension in the elderly: pressure to treat?.
Health Trends, 28 (1996), pp. 117-121
[31.]
Lievre MLA.
Treatment of high blood pressure in patients aged over 60 years: lessons from randomized clinical trials.
Cardiology in the Elderly, 3 (1995), pp. 217-222
[32.]
F. Gueyffier, C. Bulpitt, J.P. Boissel, E. Schron, T. Ekbom, R. Fagard, et al.
Antihypertensive drugs in very old people: a subgroup meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. INDANA Group.
Lancet, 353 (1999), pp. 793-796
[33.]
F. Gueyffier, F. Boutitie, J.P. Boissel, S. Pocok, J. Coope, J. Cutler, et al.
Effect of antihypertensive drug treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in women and men. A meta-analysis of individual patiente data from randomized, controlled trials. The INDANA investigators.
Ann Intern Med, 126 (1997), pp. 761-767
[34.]
F.H. Messerli, E. Grossman, U. Goldbourt.
Are beta-blockers efficacious as first-line therapy for hypertension in the elderly? A systematic review.
JAMA, 279 (1998), pp. 1903-1907
[35.]
Comite de Expertos de la OMS en Control de la Hipertensión.
Control de la hipertensión.
[36.]
B. Dahlöf, K. Pennert, L. Hansson.
Reversal of left ventricular hypertophy in hypertensive patients: a metaanalysis of 109 treatment studies.
Am J Hypertens, 5 (1992), pp. 95-110
[37.]
R.E. Schmieder, P. Martus, A. Klingbeil.
A reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in esential hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind studies.
JAMA, 275 (1996), pp. 1507-1513
[38.]
D. Levy.
Left ventricular hypertrophy: epidemiological insights from the Framingham Heart Study.
Drug, 35 (1988), pp. 1-5
[39.]
M.A. Pfeffer, E. Braunwald, L.A. Moyé.
for the SAVE investigators. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left verntricular disfunction after myocardial infarction.
N Engl J Med, 327 (1992), pp. 669-677
[40.]
D. Levy, R.J. Garrison, D.D. Sagae, W.B. Kannel, W.P. Castelli.
Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass.
N Engl J Med, 322 (1990), pp. 1561-1566
[41.]
E.J. Lewis, L.G. Hunsicker, R.P. Bain, R.D. Rhode.
for the Collaborative Study Group. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzime inhibition on diabetic nephropathy.
N Engl J Med, 329 (1993), pp. 1456-1462
[42.]
M.J. Brown, C.R. Palmer, A. Castaigne, P.W. De Leeuw, G. Mancia, T. Rosenthal, et al.
Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double blind treatment with a long acting calcium channel blocker or diuretic in the Internatinal Nifedipine GITS study: intervention as a goal in hypertension treatment (INSIGHT).
[43.]
L. Hansson, T. Hedner, P. Lund-Johansen, S.E. Kjeldsen, L.H. Lindholm, J.O. Syvertsen, et al.
Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and beta-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) Study.
Lancet, 356 (2000), pp. 359-365
[44.]
A.J. García Ruiz, I. García Ruiz, P. Aranda Lara, A.C. Montesinos.
Estudios sobre los enfermos hipertensos en tratamiento en España durante el período 1990–1993.
Rev Esp Salud Pública, 71 (1997), pp. 9-19
[45.]
J.D. Neaton, R.H. Grimm, R.J. Prineas, J. Stamler, G.A. Grandits, P.J. Elmer, et al.
Treatment of mild hypertension study.
JAMA, 270 (1993), pp. 713-724
[46.]
B.L. Kasiske, R.S. Kalil, T.A. Louis.
Antihipertensive agents affect serum lipid levels.
Ann Intern Med, 122 (1995), pp. 133-141
[47.]
D.L. Bronson, A.K. Halperin.
Antihypertensive agents affect serum lipid levels.
ACP Journal Club, 123 (1995), pp. 151
[48.]
T.H. Maugh.
A new wave of antibiotic builds.
Science, 214 (1981), pp. 1225-1228
[49.]
M. Silverman, P.R. Lee.
Pills, profits, and politics.
pp. 54-57
[50.]
Anónimo.
Grupos terapéuticos y principios activos de mayor consumo en el Sistema Nacional de Salud durante 1999.
Inf Ter Sist Nac Salud, 24 (2000), pp. 73-76
[51.]
C.D. Reverte, J.J. Moreno, E.M. Ferreira.
Hipertensión arterial: actualización de su tratamiento.
Inf Ter Sist Nac Salud, 22 (1998), pp. 81-94
[52.]
K.A. Pearce, C.D. Furberg, B.M. Psaty, J. Kirk.
Cost minimization and the number to treat uncomplicated hypertension.
Am J Hypertens, 11 (1998), pp. 618-629
[53.]
M.R. Weir, J.M. Flack, W.B. Applegate.
Tolerability, safety and quality of life and hypertensive therapy: the case for low dose diuretics.
Am J Med, 101 (1996), pp. 83-92
[54.]
V. Baos.
La calidad en la prescripción de medicamnetos.
Inf Ter Sist Nac Salud, 23 (1999), pp. 45-54
[54.]
J.A. Staessen, L. Thijs, J. Gasowski, H. Cells, R.H. Fagard.
Treatment of isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: further evidence from the systolic hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial.
Am J Cardiol, 82 (1998), pp. 20-22
Copyright © 2000. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos