metricas

Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo

Sugerencias
Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo Síndrome hepatopulmonar en la era del trasplante hepático
Información de la revista
Vol. 17. Núm. 3.
Páginas 155-226 (Julio - Septiembre 2017)
Cita
Cita
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Visitas
685
Vol. 17. Núm. 3.
Páginas 155-226 (Julio - Septiembre 2017)
REVISIÓN

Síndrome hepatopulmonar en la era del trasplante hepático

Hepatopulmonary syndrome in the era of hepatic transplantation
Visitas
685
Carolina Bonilla Gonzáleza,b, Jairo Eduardo Rivera Baqueroa, Iván José Ardila Gómeza,c,
Autor para correspondencia
ivanjoardila@hotmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
a Fundación Cardioinfantil, Bogotá, Colombia
b Fundación Santa Fe, Bogotá, Colombia
c Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Texto completo
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Resumen

La complicación pulmonar más común de la enfermedad hepática es la alteración del intercambio de gaseoso que resulta en hipoxemia grave, factor que altera el curso clínico de los pacientes con cirrosis hepática. Una de estas alteraciones es el síndrome hepatopulmonar, que se asocia con un aumento significativo de la morbimortalidad y se define como una tríada que incluye enfermedad hepática, oxigenación arterial anormal causada por dilataciones vasculares intrapulmonares demostrables, generando un verdadero shunt pulmonar y un desequilibrio en la difusión y perfusión. También puede encontrarse un aumento anormal de la resistencia vascular pulmonar como consecuencia de la obstrucción del flujo a nivel del lecho arteriolar pulmonar lo que resulta en hipertensión pulmonar clínica llamada «hipertensión portopulmonar», esta se asemeja a la hipertensión pulmonar primaria, con disnea y fatiga pero sin respuesta clínica ni histopatológica a terapias como prostaciclina. Estas 2 condiciones vasculares pulmonares (síndrome hepatopulmonar y la hipertensión portopulmonar) en pacientes cirróticos o con hipertensión portal pueden coexistir y, por lo general, el síndrome hepatopulmonar se desarrolla antes de la hipertensión portopulmonar.

Se cree que el síndrome hepatopulmonar es causado principalmente por 2 procesos centrales: vasodilatación y angiogénesis pulmonar, responsables de las alteraciones en el intercambio gaseoso, el desequilibrio en la ventilación-perfusión y la limitación de la difusión de oxígeno.

En la actualidad, este síndrome ha tomado especial interés en relación con el éxito del trasplante hepático. Aunque es infrecuente, es importante que se reconozca rápidamente su expresión clínica, entender la patogenia involucrada en el paciente con cirrosis hepática clínica, funcional e histológica, dado su curso progresivo y de mal pronóstico.

Palabras clave:
Enfermedad del hígado
Síndrome hepatopulmonar
Trasplante hepático
Abstract

The most common pulmonary complication of liver disease is the disruption of gas exchange, resulting in severe hypoxemia, a factor that alters the clinical course of patients with liver cirrhosis. One of these alterations is the hepatopulmonary syndrome, which is associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality, and is defined as a triad that includes liver disease, abnormal arterial oxygenation caused by demonstrable intrapulmonary vascular dilations, with consequent pulmonary shunt, and imbalance in diffusion and perfusion. An abnormal increase in pulmonary vascular resistance may also be found as a consequence of pulmonary arteriolar flow obstruction, resulting in clinical pulmonary hypertension called “portopulmonary hypertension”. This resembles primary pulmonary hypertension, with dyspnoea and fatigue, but without clinical or histopathological responses to therapies such as prostacyclin. These two pulmonary vascular conditions (hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension) in cirrhotic patients, or with portal hypertension, may coexist in the same patient, and hepatopulmonary syndrome usually develops before portopulmonary hypertension.

Hepatopulmonary syndrome is thought to be mainly caused by two central processes: vasodilation and pulmonary angiogenesis, which are responsible for alterations in gas exchange, imbalance in ventilation-perfusion, and limitation of oxygen diffusion.

This syndrome has currently become of special interest in the success of liver transplantation. Although it is rare, it is important to rapidly recognise its clinical expression in order to understand the pathogenesis involved in the patient with clinical, functional, and histological liver cirrhosis, given its progressive course and poor prognosis.

Keywords:
Liver disease
Hepatopulmonary syndrome
Liver transplantation

Artículo

Opciones para acceder a los textos completos de la publicación Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo
Suscriptor
Suscriptor de la revista

Si ya tiene sus datos de acceso, clique aquí.

Si olvidó su clave de acceso puede recuperarla clicando aquí y seleccionando la opción "He olvidado mi contraseña".
Comprar
Comprar acceso al artículo

Comprando el artículo el PDF del mismo podrá ser descargado

Comprar ahora
Contactar
Teléfono para suscripciones e incidencias
De lunes a viernes de 9h a 18h (GMT+1) excepto los meses de julio y agosto que será de 9 a 15h
Llamadas desde España
932 415 960
Llamadas desde fuera de España
+34 932 415 960
E-mail
Bibliografía
[1]
M. Porres-Aguilar, J.T. Altamirano, A. Torre-Delgadillo, M.R. Charlton, A. Duarte-Rojo.
Portopulmonary hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome: A clinician-oriented overview.
Eur Respir Rev., 21 (2012), pp. 223-233
[2]
R. Rodríguez-Roisin, M.J. Krowka, P. Hervé.
Pulmonary-hepatic vascular disorders (PHD).
Eur Respir J., 24 (2004), pp. 861-880
[3]
G. Kraus, F. Flueckiger.
Hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Eurorad, 25 (2008), pp. 1914-1923
[4]
P. Schenk, M. Schöniger-Hekele, V. Fuhrmann, C. Madl, G. Silberhumer, C. Müller.
Prognostic significance of the hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Gastroenterology., 5085 (2003), pp. 1042-1052
[5]
R. Rodríguez-Roisin, A.G. Agustí, J. Roca.
The hepatopulmonary syndrome: New name, old complexities.
Thorax., 47 (1992), pp. 897-902
Disponible en: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=464086&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
[6]
P. Schenk, V. Fuhrmann, C. Madl.
Hepatopulmonary syndrome: Prevalence and predictive value of various cut offs for arterial oxygenation and their clinical consequences.
Gut., 51 (2002), pp. 853-859
[7]
M.R. Arguedas, H. Singh, D.K. Faulk, M.B. Fallon.
Utility of pulse oximetry screening for hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol., 5 (2007), pp. 749-754
[8]
G.A. Abrams, C.C. Jaffe, P.B. Hoffer, H.J. Binder, M.B. Fallon.
Diagnostic utility of contrast echocardiography and lung perfusion scan in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Gastroenterology., 109 (1995), pp. 1283-1288
[9]
R. Kochar, M.I. Nevah Rubin, M.B. Fallon.
Pulmonary complications of cirrhosis.
Curr Gastroenterol Rep., 13 (2011), pp. 34-39
[10]
M.B. Fallon, M.J. Krowka, R.S. Brown.
Impact of hepatopulmonary syndrome on quality of life and survival in liver transplant candidates.
Gastroenterology., 135 (2008), pp. 1168-1175
[11]
S. Raevens, A. Geerts, C. van Steenkiste, X. Verhelst, H. van Vlierberghe, I. Colle.
Hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension: Recent knowledge in pathogenesis and overview of clinical assessment.
Liver Int., 35 (2015), pp. 1646-1660
[12]
G. Tumgor.
Cirrhosis and hepatopulmonary syndrome.
World J Gastroenterol., 20 (2014), pp. 2586-2594
[13]
J. Zhang, Y. Ling, L. Tang, B. Luo, D.M. Pollock, M.B. Fallon.
Attenuation of experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome in endothelin B receptor-deficient rats.
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol., 296 (2009),
G704-8
[14]
H.Y. Zhang, D.W. Han, A.R. Su.
Intestinal endotoxemia plays a central role in development of hepatopulmonary syndrome in a cirrhotic rat model induced by multiple pathogenic factors.
World J Gastroenterol., 13 (2007), pp. 6385-6395
[15]
B. Sztrymf, J.M. Libert, C. Mougeot.
Cirrhotic rats with bacterial translocation have higher incidence and severity of hepatopulmonary syndrome.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol., 20 (2005), pp. 1538-1544
[16]
L. Liu, N. Liu, Z. Zhao.
TNF-α neutralization improves experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome in rats.
Liver Int., 32 (2012), pp. 1018-1026
[17]
L. Gupta, A.Y.J. Kumar.
Pentoxifyline therapy for hepatopulmonary syndrome: A pilot study, 158 (2011), pp. 2006-2009
[18]
J. Zhang, Y. Ling, B.A.O. Luo.
Analysis of pulmonary heme oxygenase-1 and nitric oxide.
Gastroenterology., 5085 (2003), pp. 1441-1451
[19]
S. Coulon, F. Heindryckx, A. Geerts, C. van Steenkiste, I. Colle, H. van Vlierberghe.
Angiogenesis in chronic liver disease and its complications.
[20]
M. Fernández, D. Semela, J. Bruix, I. Colle, M. Pinzani, J. Bosch.
Angiogenesis in liver disease.
J Hepatol., 50 (2009), pp. 604-620
[21]
J. Zhang, B. Luo, L.W.Y. Tang.
Pulmonary angiogenesis in a rat model of hepatopulmonay syndrome.
Gastroenterology., 454 (2009), pp. 42-54
[22]
T. Thenappan, A. Goel, G. Marsboom.
A central role for CD68(+) macrophages in hepatopulmonary syndrome: Reversal by macrophage depletion.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med., 183 (2011), pp. 1080-1091
[23]
J. Zhang, W. Yang.
The role of CX3 CL1/CX3 CR1 in pulmonary angiogenesis and intravascular monocyte accumulation in rat experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome.
J Hepatol., 57 (2013), pp. 752-758
[24]
J. Zhang, W. Yang, B. Hu, W. Wu, M.B. Fallon.
Endothelin-1 activation of the endothelin B receptor modulates pulmonary endothelial CX3CL1 and contributes to pulmonary angiogenesis in experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Am J Pathol., 184 (2014), pp. 1706-1714
[25]
J. Varghese, H. Ilias-basha, R. Dhanasekaran, S. Singh, J. Venkataraman.
Hepatopulmonary syndrome —past to present.
Ann Hepatol., 6 (2007), pp. 135-142
Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17786138
[26]
F.P. Gómez, G. Martínez-Pallí, J.A. Barberà, J. Roca, M. Navasa, R. Rodríguez-Roisin.
Gas exchange mechanism of orthodeoxia in hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Hepatology., 40 (2004), pp. 660-666
[27]
B.M. Sulieman, L.G. Hunsicker, D.A. Katz, M.D. Voigt.
OPTN policy regarding prioritization of patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome: Does it provide equitable organ allocation?.
Am J Transplant., 8 (2008), pp. 954-964
[28]
M.J. Krowka, G.A. Wiseman, O.L. Burnett.
Hepatopulmonary syndrome: A prospective study of relationships between severity of liver disease, PaO2 response to 100% oxygen, and brain uptake after 99mTc MAA lung scanning.
Chest., 118 (2000), pp. 615-624
[29]
I. Lenci, A. Alvior, T.M. Manzia, L. Toti, J. Neuberger, R. Steeds.
Saline contrast echocardiography in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome awaiting liver transplantation.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr., 22 (2009), pp. 89-94
[30]
R. Gaber, D.H. Ziada, N.A. Kotb, G.H. Abo El-Magd, M. Hamisa.
Detection of hepatopulmonary syndrome in patients with liver cirrhosis using 3D contrast echocardiography.
Arab J Gastroenterol., 13 (2012), pp. 14-19
[31]
M.H. El-Shabrawi, S. Omran, S. Wageeh.
Tecnetium-macroaggregated albumin perfusion lung scan versus contrast enhanced echocardiography in the diagnosis of the hepatopulmonary syndrome in children with chronic liver disease.
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol., 22 (2010), pp. 1006-1012
[32]
N.E.A. Saad, D.E. Lee, D.L. Waldman, W.E.A. Saad.
Pulmonary arterial coil embolization for the management of persistent type i hepatopulmonary syndrome after liver transplantation.
J Vasc Interv Radiol., 18 (2007), pp. 1576-1580
[33]
H.R. Kianifar, M. Khalesi, E. Mahmoodi, M.A. Aghaei.
Pentoxifylline in hepatopulmonary syndrome.
World J Gastroenterol., 18 (2012), pp. 4912-4916
[34]
R.M. Añel, J.N. Sheagren.
Novel presentation and approach to management of hepatopulmonary syndrome with use of antimicrobial agents.
Clin Infect Dis., 32 (2001), pp. E131-E136
[35]
S. Gupta, M.E. Faughnan, L. Lilly, S. Hutchison, R. Fowler, A.M. Bayoumi.
Norfloxacin therapy for hepatopulmonary syndrome: A pilot randomized controlled trial.
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol., 8 (2010), pp. 1095-1098
S1542-3565(10)00840-2[pii]\r10.1016/j.cgh.2010.08.011
[36]
J.Y. Song, J.Y. Choi, J.T. Ko, E.J. Bae, H.S. Kim, C.I. Noh, et al.
Long-term aspirin therapy for hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Pediatrics, 97 (1996), pp. 917-920
[37]
V.F.M. Machicao.
Hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Semin Resp Crit Care Med., 98 (2012), pp. 1053
[38]
B.K. De, D. Dutta, S.K. Pal, S. Gangopadhyay, S. das Baksi, A. Pani.
The role of garlic in hepatopulmonary syndrome: A randomized controlled trial.
Can J Gastroenterol., 24 (2010), pp. 183-188
Disponible en: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2852224&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
[39]
H. Moreira Silva, G. Reis, M. Guedes.
A case of hepatopulmonary syndrome solved by mycophenolate mofetil (an inhibitor of angiogenesis and nitric oxide production).
J Hepatol., 58 (2013), pp. 630-633
[40]
T. Motomura, T. Ikegami, Y. Mano.
Living donor liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease with severe hepatopulmonary syndrome: Report of a case.
Surg Today., 41 (2011), pp. 436-440
[41]
S. Saigal, N. Choudhary, N. Saraf.
Excellent outcome of living donor liver transplantation in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome: A single centre experience.
Clin Transplant., 27 (2013), pp. 530-534
[42]
K.L. Swanson, R.H. Wiesner, M.J. Krowka.
Natural history of hepatopulmonary syndrome: Impact of liver transplantation.
Hepatology., 41 (2005), pp. 1122-1129
[43]
J. Zhang, Y. Ling, L. Tang.
Pentoxifyline attenuation of experimental hepatopulmonay syndrome, 102 (2010),
[44]
S. Gupta, H. Castel, R.V. Rao.
Improved survival after liver transplantation in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Am J Transplant., 10 (2010), pp. 354-363
[45]
V.N. Iyer, K.L. Swanson, R. Cartin-Ceba.
Hepatopulmonary syndrome: Favorable outcomes in the MELD exception era.
Hepatology., 57 (2013), pp. 2427-2435
[46]
D.S. Goldberg, K. Krok, S. Batra, J.F. Trotter, S.M. Kawut, M.B. Fallon.
Impact of the hepatopulmonary syndrome MELD exception policy on outcomes of patients after liver transplantation: An analysis of the UNOS database.
Gastroenterology., 146 (2014), pp. 1256-1265
[47]
J. Luis, A. Martínez, J. Manuel, Z. Urmeneta, J. Gutiérrez.
Significado pronóstico del síndrome hepatopulmonar en la cirrosis hepática.
Med Clin (Barc)., 127 (2006), pp. 133-135
[48]
M.R. Arguedas, G.A. Abrams, M.J. Krowka, M.B. Fallon.
Prospective evaluation of outcomes and predictors of mortality in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome undergoing liver transplantation.
Hepatology., 37 (2003), pp. 192-197
[49]
P. Hervé, D. Lebrec, F. Brenot.
Pulmonary vascular disorders in portal hypertension.
Eur Respir J., 11 (1998), pp. 1153-1166
[50]
E. Schiffer, P. Majno, G. Mentha.
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome increases the postoperative mortality rate following liver transplantation: A prospective study in 90 patients.
Am J Transplant., 6 (2006), pp. 1430-1437
[51]
P. Herve, J. le Pavec, B. Sztrymf, B. Decante, L. Savale, O. Sitbon.
Pulmonary vascular abnormalities in cirrhosis.
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol., 21 (2007), pp. 141-159
[52]
C. Taillé, J. Cadranel, A. Bellocq.
Liver transplantation for hepatopulmonary syndrome: A ten-year experience in Paris, France.
Transplantation., 75 (2003), pp. 1482-1489
[53]
S. Casey, A. Schelleman, P. Angus.
Recurrence of hepatopulmonary syndrome post-orthotopic liver transplantation in a patient with noncirrhotic portal hypertension.
Hepatology., 58 (2013), pp. 2205-2206
[54]
M.J. Krowka, G.A. Wiseman, J.L. Steers, R.H. Wiesner.
Late recurrence and rapid evolution of severe hepatopulmonary syndrome after liver transplantation.
Liver Transpl Surg, 5 (1999), pp. 451-453
[55]
J.D. Perkins.
Pulmonary hypertension after liver transplantation in patients with antecedent hepatopulmonary syndrome: A report of 2 cases and review of the literature.
Liver Transplant., 13 (2007), pp. 465-466
asdasdasd
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas