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Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo

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Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo Infecciones bacterianas en cirrosis: desafíos y perspectivas
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Vol. 22. Núm. 3.
Páginas 163-242 (Julio - Septiembre 2022)
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Vol. 22. Núm. 3.
Páginas 163-242 (Julio - Septiembre 2022)
Revisión

Infecciones bacterianas en cirrosis: desafíos y perspectivas

Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: Challenges and perspectives
Visitas
1117
Jesús Daniel Rodríguez-Blancoa, María Cristina Martínez-Ávilab,
Autor para correspondencia
cristina.martinezavila@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Amilkar José Almanza-Hurtadoc, Tomás Rodríguez-Yanezc, Pedro Luis Imbeth-Acostad
a Unidad de Cuidado Crítico, Nuevo Hospital Bocagrande, Cartagena, Colombia
b Epidemiología Clínica, Nuevo Hospital Bocagrande, Cartagena, Colombia
c Medicina Interna, Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Nuevo Hospital Bocagrande, Cartagena, Colombia
d Medicina Interna, Gastroenterología, Nuevo Hospital Bocagrande, Cartagena, Colombia
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Resumen

La cirrosis es una enfermedad hepática crónica difusa e irreversible caracterizada por la presencia de bandas fibróticas y nódulos de regeneración que alteran la arquitectura vascular y la funcionalidad del hígado. A pesar de los avances en la medicina, sigue siendo una de las principales causas de muerte en el mundo. Las infecciones bacterianas en pacientes cirróticos son más graves que en la población general, conllevan un mayor riesgo de complicaciones e insuficiencia orgánica, lo que resulta en estancias en la unidad de cuidado crítico y en un alto riesgo de mortalidad a corto plazo. Las infecciones más habituales son la peritonitis bacteriana espontánea y las del tracto urinario, seguidas de las neumonías y las celulitis. El diagnóstico y el tratamiento precoces son fundamentales para mejorar el pronóstico y la sobrevida del paciente. La elección del tratamiento empírico debe basarse tanto en el sitio, en la gravedad y en el origen de la infección como en los patrones de resistencia antibiótica local. La procalcitonina es un biomarcador útil para evitar el uso innecesario de antibióticos e inducir resistencias. Se presenta una revisión narrativa de las infecciones bacterianas en pacientes cirróticos, destacando la importancia diagnóstica, la guía de terapia antimicrobiana y las perspectivas en vista al desarrollo de nuevas herramientas de identificación temprana debido a que es una enfermedad que implica una alta morbimortalidad potencial.

Palabras clave:
Cirrosis
Infección bacteriana
Peritonitis
Mortalidad
Abstract

Cirrhosis is a diffuse and irreversible chronic liver disease characterized by the presence of fibrotic bands and regenerative nodules that alter the vascular architecture and function of the liver. Despite advances in medicine, it remains one of the leading causes of death in the world. Bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients are more serious than in the general population, carry a higher risk of complications, organ failure, resulting in stays in a critical care unit and a high risk of short-term mortality. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and urinary tract infections are the most common, followed by pneumonia, and cellulitis. The early diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections is essential to improve the patient's prognosis and survival. The choice of initial empirical antimicrobial therapy should be based on site, severity, and origin of infection and on local antibiotic resistance patterns. This article is a narrative review of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients, highlighting diagnostic importance, a guide to antimicrobial therapy, and perspectives regarding the development of new early identification tools because this is a disease with high morbidity and mortality potential.

Keywords:
Cirrhosis
Bacterial infection
Peritonitis
Mortality

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