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Vol. 40. Issue 1.
Pages 11-22 (January - March 2007)
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Vol. 40. Issue 1.
Pages 11-22 (January - March 2007)
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Neoplasia hematodérmica CD4+/CD56+. Diagnóstico histopatológico, fisiopatología y avances recientes de un tumor originado en células dendríticas plasmocitoides
CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm. Histological diagnosis, pathophysiology and recent advances of a tumor originated from plasmacytoid dendritic cells
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Sergio Piña-Oviedo1,2, Carlos Ortiz-Hidalgo1,3
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Resumen

La neoplasia hematodérmica CD4+/CD56+ es un tumor poco frecuente que se presenta en adultos con un curso clínico desfavorable. El cuadro inicial se manifiesta por afección cutánea y posteriormente evoluciona a una enfermedad extracutánea generalizada. Histológicamente, la neoplasia hematodérmica CD4+/CD56+ se caracteriza por la presencia de células neoplásicas que infiltran dermis y tejido celular subcutáneo, sin afectar la capa epidérmica. El infiltrado neoplásico es homogéneo y las células presentan apariencia de blastos. El inmunofenotipo CD4+/CD56+ es característico e indispensable para el diagnóstico diferencial entre otros linfomas/leucemias cutáneos. La neoplasia hematodérmica CD4+/CD56+ es originada de la célula dendrítica plasmocitoide, de origen hematopoyético. Característicamente, las células dendríticas plasmocitoides expresan el receptor α de IL-3 (CD123) en su superficie y carecen de marcadores de estirpe mieloide y linfoide. Su función consiste en establecer un mecanismo de regulación entre la respuesta inmunológica innata y específica, ser células presentadoras de antígenos, elaborar citocinas inflamatorias y, posiblemente, regular procesos de tolerancia inmunológica. La patología y disfunción de las células dendríticas plasmocitoides es importante para tratar de explicar procesos autoinmunes, procesos infecciosos virales y la pérdida de tolerancia inmunológica en cierto tipo de tumores.

Palabras clave:
Neoplasia hematodérmica CD4+/CD56+
linfoma cutáneo NK blástico
célula dendrítica plasmocitoide
receptor α de interleucina-3
CD123
Summary

CD4+/CD56+ Hematodermic Neoplasm is an uncommon tumor found in the adult population and generally evolves with a poor clinical outcome. The presence of cutaneous involvement at the beginning of the disease, followed by an extracutaneous generalized phase is characteristic. Histologically, the CD4+/CD56+ Hematodermic Neoplasm features a nonepidermotropic, dermal and subdermal infiltration of cells which resemble lymphoblasts or myeloblasts. The CD4+/CD56+ immunophenotype not only is characteristic, but also a very important tool in the differential diagnosis between other cutaneous lymphoid/myeloid neoplasms. Recently, the hematopoietic-derived plasmacytoid dendritic cell has been related to the CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm origin. Typically, the plasmacytoid dendritic cells express the surface marker IL-3 receptor α (CD123) and lack of myeloid and lymphoid antigens. Functionally, plasmacytoid dendritic cells are implicated in the regulation of innate and adaptive cell immunity, antigen processing, production of inflammatory cytokines and probably, the association with lymphoid-organ tolerogenic responses. Understanding plasmacytoid dendritic cell dysfunction is important for its implication in several pathologic conditions such as autoimmune disorders, viral infections and loss of tolerance response in some tumors.

Key words:
CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm
blastic NK-cell lymphoma
plasmacytoid dendritic cell
IL-3 receptor alpha
CD123

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