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Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación (English Edition) Macklin effect in critically COVID-19 patients: Observational single-center anal...
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Original article
Available online 24 October 2025
Macklin effect in critically COVID-19 patients: Observational single-center analysis
Efecto Macklin en pacientes de COVID-19 críticos: análisis unicéntrico observacional
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G. Melegaria,
, F. Arturib, G. Vaccarib, F. Gazzottia, E. Bertellinia, L. Astorec, G. Della Casad, A. Pecchic, A. Barbierib
a Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Modena, Italy
b School of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
c School of Radiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
d Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Modena, Italy
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Table 1a. Baseline characteristics and comorbidities of the study population, comparing patients with Macklin Effect (ME) on the first computed tomography (CT) scan and those without the ME at baseline.
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Table 1b. Comparison of baseline characteristics between patients with and without barotrauma complications (BC), defined as the occurrence of either spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SP) or pneumothorax (PNX).
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Table 2. Univariate analysis of factors associated with the development of pneumothorax (PNX), spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SP), and barotrauma complications (BC).
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Table 3. Univariate analysis of predictors of 90-day and 180-day mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients.
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Table 4. Multivariate analysis of factors associated with 180-day mortality. Statistically significant variables are highlighted, including chronic steroid therapy and Macklin effect (ME) at first Ch-CT scan.
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Abstract
Objective

To analyze the incidence and impact of the Macklin effect (ME) in critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with pneumothorax (PNX), spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SP), and barotraumatic complications (BC).

Design

Observational single-center study.

Setting

Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a single Italian hospital.

Patients or participants

Critically ill COVID-19 patients aged ≥18 years, with at least one chest computed tomography (Ch-CT) scan and undergoing mechanical ventilation. Patients with pre-existing PNX, SP, or tracheal lesions at ICU admission were excluded.

Interventions

Retrospective analysis of Ch-CT scans to detect ME.

Main variables of interest

ME incidence, its correlation with barotrauma development and mortality.

Results

Among 138 patients, ME was detected in 5.80% (8 cases) on the first Ch-CT scan and in 10.87% (15 cases) at any time during ICU stay. PNX occurred in 17.39% (24 cases) and subcutaneous emphysema in 14.49% (20 cases), with a total BC incidence of 23.91% (33 cases). ME presence on the first Ch-CT scan was significantly associated with PNX (OR 5.5, p = 0.012), SP (OR 12.77, p < 0.001), and BC (OR 11.44, p = 0.004). ME detection on the first Ch-CT scan showed a hazard ratio (HR) of 5.91 (CI 2.41–14.50, p < 0.001) for BC development.

Conclusions

Early ME detection in critically ill COVID-19 patients is crucial, as it is significantly associated with PNX, SP, and BC. Recognizing ME could play a role in improving clinical management and outcomes.

Keywords:
Macklin effect
Barotraumatic complications
Pneumothorax
Spontaneous pneumomediastinum
COVID-19
Intensive care unit
Abbreviations:
ARDS
ICU
ACE Inhibitors
ARBs
BC
CHF
CKD
CKF
COPD
Ch-CT
CIs
IHD
DM II
LASSO
ME
OR
PCR
PNX
SE
SP
Resumen
Objetivo

Analizar la incidencia e impacto del efecto Macklin (EM) en pacientes críticos con COVID-19 y su correlación con neumotórax (PNX), neumomediastino espontáneo (NME) y complicaciones barotraumáticas (CB).

Diseño

Estudio observacional unicéntrico.

Ámbito

Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de un hospital en Italia.

Pacientes o participantes

Pacientes críticos con COVID-19, ≥18 años, con al menos una tomografía computarizada de tórax (TC) y sometidos a ventilación mecánica. Se excluyeron pacientes con PNX, NE o lesiones traqueales preexistentes al ingreso en UCI.

Intervenciones

Análisis retrospectivo de TC para detectar EM.

Variables de interés principales

Incidencia de EM, su correlación con el desarrollo de barotrauma y mortalidad.

Resultados

Se analizaron 138 pacientes. El EM se detectó en el 5,80 % (8 casos) en la primera TC y en el 10,87% (15 casos) en cualquier momento durante la estancia en UCI. Se observó PNX en el 17,39% (24 casos) y enfisema subcutáneo en el 14,49% (20 casos), con una incidencia total de CB del 23,91% (33 casos). La presencia de EM en la primera TC se asoció significativamente con PNX (OR 5,5; p = 0,012), NE (OR 12,77; p < 0,001) y CB (OR 11,44; p = 0,004). Además, el EM en la primera TC mostró un HR de 5,91 (IC 2,41-14,50; p < 0,001) para el desarrollo de CB.

Conclusiones

La detección temprana del EM en pacientes críticos con COVID-19 es crucial, ya que se asocia significativamente con PNX, NE y CB. Su reconocimiento podría desempeñar un papel en la mejora de la gestión clínica y los resultados.

Palabras clave:
Efecto Macklin
Complicaciones barotraumáticas
Neumotórax
Neumomediastino espontáneo
COVID-19
Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI)

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