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Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition) Histological features and inflammatory cytokine profiles in anal fistula: A pros...
Journal Information
Vol. 48. Issue 9.
(November 2025)
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Vol. 48. Issue 9.
(November 2025)
Original Article
Histological features and inflammatory cytokine profiles in anal fistula: A prospective cohort study
Características histológicas y perfiles de citocinas inflamatorias en la fístula anal: un estudio de cohorte prospectivo
Edward Sanchez-Haroa,, Laura Hernández Leonc,, José Troyaa, Sandra Velaa, Ingrid Tapiolasa, Eva Martínez-Cáceresb, Pedro-Luis Fernandezc, David Parésa,
Corresponding author
david.pares@uab.cat

Corresponding author.
a Section of Colorectal Surgery, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
b Department of Immunology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, School of Medicine, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Spain
c Department of Pathology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Spain
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Table 1. Patients’ characteristics.
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Table 2. Inflammatory features (including histology and cytokines).
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Abstract
Introduction

Traditionally, anorectal abscesses and anal fistulas have been considered to originate from a common site within the fistula tract (the intersphincteric space), according to the cryptoglandular hypothesis. Understanding the distribution of cells and inflammatory mediators in different parts of the anal fistula tract is of significant interest. This study aimed to analyze the inflammatory characteristics of anal fistula tract specimens.

Methods

An observational study was conducted on specimens retrieved from consecutive cases. We analyzed samples of chronic anorectal fistulas, which were topographically divided into three parts: superficial part (including the external fistula opening, close to the perianal skin), middle (including the intersphincteric space), and deep part (close to the anal canal, including the internal fistula opening). These samples were reviewed under microscopy to describe cell types using hematoxylin–eosin staining and the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-36 using immunohistochemical staining.

Results

Fistula tract samples were obtained surgically from 15 patients. No epithelial lining was observed in any part of the samples. We found a predominance of granulation tissue with chronic inflammatory components and no signs of acute inflammation, with no differences among the different parts of each sample studied. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of TNF-alpha throughout the fistulous tract, with an increasing trend towards the deep third (internal opening), although this was not statistically significant. In contrast, IL-36 was uniformly distributed across all three parts of the fistula tract.

Conclusions

There is no specific site within the anal fistula tract that shows distinct findings related to the inflammatory process.

Keywords:
Anal fistula
Anorectal abscess
Inflammation mediators
Granulation tissue
Cytokines
Resumen
Introducción

Tradicionalmente, se ha considerado que los abscesos anorrectales y las fístulas anales se originan en un sitio común (espacio interesfintérico), según la hipótesis criptoglandular. Comprender la distribución de células y mediadores inflamatorios en diferentes partes del tracto fistuloso anal es de gran interés. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las características inflamatorias de las muestras del tracto fistuloso anal.

Métodos

Se realizó un estudio observacional en muestras obtenidas de casos consecutivos. Analizamos muestras de fístula anal, divididas en: parte superficial (orificio externo de la fístula, cerca de la piel perianal), media (espacio interesfintérico) y profunda (cerca del canal anal, incluyendo el orificio interno de la fístula). Estas muestras se revisaron bajo microscopía para describir los tipos de células utilizando tinción de hematoxilina-eosina y la presencia de citocinas proinflamatorias TNF-alfa e IL-36 mediante tinción inmunohistoquímica.

Resultados

Las muestras del tracto fistuloso se obtuvieron quirúrgicamente de 15 pacientes. No se observó revestimiento epitelial en ninguna parte de las muestras. Encontramos un predominio de tejido de granulación con componentes inflamatorios crónicos y sin signos de inflamación aguda, sin diferencias entre las diferentes partes de cada tracto fistuloso estudiado. La inmunohistoquímica reveló la presencia de TNF-alfa en todo el tracto fistuloso, con una tendencia creciente hacia el tercio profundo (orificio interno), aunque los cambios no fueron estadísticamente significativos. En contraste, la IL-36 se distribuyó uniformemente en las tres partes del tracto fistuloso.

Conclusiones

No hay un sitio específico dentro del tracto fistuloso anal que muestre hallazgos distintivos relacionados con el proceso inflamatorio.

Palabras clave:
Fistula anal
Absceso anorectal
Mediadores de inflamación
Tejido de Granulación, Citoquinas

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