covid
Buscar en
Allergologia et Immunopathologia
Toda la web
Inicio Allergologia et Immunopathologia Allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics in children: Risk factors for a positive diag...
Journal Information
Vol. 48. Issue 5.
Pages 417-423 (September - October 2020)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Visits
3983
Vol. 48. Issue 5.
Pages 417-423 (September - October 2020)
Original article
Full text access
Allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics in children: Risk factors for a positive diagnostic work-up
Visits
3983
E. Dias de Castroa,b,
Corresponding author
eunicediascastro@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, F. Carolinoa, L. Carneiro-Leãoa, J. Barbosac,d, L. Ribeiroc,e,f, J.R. Cernadasa
a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de S. João, Porto, Portugal
b MedInUP – Center for Drug Discover and Innovative Medicines, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
c Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
d UNIC – Cardiovascular Research and Development Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
e Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
f I3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Figures (1)
Tables (2)
Table 1.
Table 2. Demographic and clinical characteristics.
Show moreShow less
Abstract
Background

Allergy to beta-lactam (βL) antibiotics is highly reported in children, but rarely confirmed. Risk factors for a positive diagnostic work-up are scarce.

The primary aim was to characterize the cases of children with confirmed βL allergy, investigating potential risk factors. Secondary aims were to assess the prevalence of allergy to βL in this population and to confirm the safety of less extensive diagnostic protocols for milder reactions.

Methods

We reviewed the clinical data from all children evaluated in our Department for suspected βL allergy, over a six-year period.

Results

Two hundred and twenty children (53% females) with a mean age of 6.5±4.2 years were evaluated. Cutaneous manifestations were the most frequently reported (96.9%), mainly maculopapular exanthema (MPE). The reactions were non-immediate in 59.5% of the cases.

Only 23 children (10.5%) were diagnosed with allergy to βL. The likelihood of βL allergy was significantly higher in children with a family history of drug allergy (p<0.001) and in those with a smaller time period between the reaction and the study (p=0.046). The probability of not confirming βL allergy is greater in children reporting less severe reactions (p<0.001) and MPE (p<0.001).

We found the less extensive diagnostic protocol in milder reactions safe, since only 4.2% of the children presented a positive provocation test (similar reaction as the index reaction).

Conclusion

This study highlights family history of drug allergy as a risk factor for a positive diagnostic work-up. Larger series are required, particularly genetic studies to accurately determine future risk for βL allergy in children.

Keywords:
Drug allergy
Beta-lactam antibiotics
Children
Allergy diagnostic work-up
Risk factors
Abbreviations:
βL
ENDA
sIgE
SPT
IDT
PPL
MDM
PenG
AX/CL
DPT
MPE
Full Text
Introduction

Beta-lactam (βL) antibiotics are the most commonly prescribed drugs in children1,2 and also the most frequently implicated in drug allergy in these age groups.3–6 Despite high suspicion rates and reports, only between 3.9% and 15.9% of the cases are confirmed by an allergy diagnostic work-up.1,7–12

These procedures are mandatory to define safe alternatives in the cases of confirmed allergy, but also to rule out the negative ones and prevent the negative impact of antibiotic allergy labels on clinical outcomes in children.2,6,13

There is no general consensus regarding the diagnostic protocols in paediatric ages and this topic is being highly debated. Moreover, studies on risk factors for a positive diagnostic work-up are scarce.

The primary aim of this study was to characterize the confirmed cases of βL allergy in children, investigating potential risk factors. Secondary aims were to assess the prevalence of allergy to this drug class in the studied population and to confirm the safety of less extensive diagnostic protocols for milder reactions.

Material and methodsPatients

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data from all children (younger than 18 years) assessed in our Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department for suspected βL allergy over a six-year period (January 2012 to December 2018).

Patients that did not complete the drug allergy diagnostic work-up were excluded.

Drug allergy work-up

For diagnostic purposes and in agreement with international guidelines, reactions were classified as immediate and non-immediate according to the time between drug intake and the onset of clinical symptoms.14 In cases of multiple reactions (to single or multiple βL), the most severe reaction was considered.

The drug allergy work-up included a validated questionnaire15 and, depending on the reaction type and severity, skin tests, specific IgE and/or drug provocation test (Fig. 1). All the diagnostic procedures followed the ENDA/EAACI (European Network of Drug Allergy/European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology) recommendations16–19 and were performed by trained specialists, in a day-care hospital under strict surveillance.

Figure 1.

Algorithm for management suspected allergy to beta lactam antibiotics in children. In the case of positive sIgE skin test to the culprit drug, study is continued to confirm tolerance to a reasonable alternative (e.g. 3rd generation cephalosporins if allergic to aminopenicillins). Dotted lines: mild drug reaction. *Readings at 20min only. HSR: hypersensitivity reaction; BL: betalactam antibiotics; sIgE: specific IgE, AX: amoxicillin; Pen: penicilloyl; IDT: intradermal tests; SPT: skin prick tests.

(0.14MB).

Serum-specific IgE antibodies (sIgE) (ImmunoCAP®, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden) for penicillin G/V and amoxicillin were used, when evaluating immediate reactions or those with unknown time of occurrence. A cut-off value of ≥0.35kU/L was considered positive.19

Skin prick tests (SPT) were performed and if negative, intradermal tests (IDT) with benzylpenicilloyl octa-l-lysine (PPL), sodium benzylpenilloate – minor determinant (MDM) (DAP® Penicillin, Diater, Madrid, Spain), penicillin G (PenG), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AX/CL) and ceftriaxone16,17,19 were also performed. Other βL were tested according to the suspected drug. Late readings (after 48h) were done in the cases of non-immediate reactions or those with unclear time of occurrence.

Given the low sensitivity of patch tests in the diagnosis of delayed reactions to βL,17 they were not carried out routinely in all the cases of non-immediate reactions.

DPT with culprit drug were performed whenever skin tests and sIgE were negative and in the absence of other contraindications.18,19 In children with mild reactions DPT was performed with the culprit drug without previous skin testing. In non-immediate reactions or when the time interval between exposure and reaction was not obvious by the clinical history, the patients were instructed to continue drug intake for two more days at home.20

The diagnosis of βL allergy was established when skin tests, specific IgE or DPT were positive. In such cases, an alternative βL was tested.

All legal guardians were fully informed about the procedures and signed an informed consent. The study was approved by the hospital ethics committee.

Statistical analysis

Data was summarized with mean and standard-deviation (SD) or absolute (N) and relative (%) frequencies. For analysis of the relationship of variables among patients with confirmed or excluded βL allergy the Chi-square test or Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables and when differences were significant the Bonferroni method was applied for pairwise comparisons. For continuous variables the Student t-test was used.

All statistical tests were carried out for two-tailed significance and a p<0.05 was considered significant.

SPSS software (SPSS version 24.0, SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used.

Results

Two hundred and twenty children (53.2% females) with a mean age of 6.5 years (SD=4.2) were evaluated for suspected βL allergy and all completed the diagnostic work-up during the study period.

A further 29 children studied during this period were excluded since they did not complete the drug allergy diagnostic work-up. No analysis was performed referring to these patients’ data.

The mean time that elapsed between the reaction and the clinical assessment was 2.9 years (SD=3.3). The most frequently implicated drugs were AX/CL (47.7%) and amoxicillin (40.5%). βL were prescribed for tonsillitis in 32.7%, otitis in 22.7% and unspecified upper airways infection in 19.1%. Cutaneous manifestations were the most frequently reported presentation (96.9%) and the most common maculopapular exanthema (MPE). In 131 cases (59.5%) the reaction was non-immediate, in 10.5% immediate and in the remaining cases the time of onset was unknown. In 66 cases (30%) there was no history of previous exposure to the suspected drug, while 42 children (19%) had previous exposure with a similar reaction.

After completing the drug allergy work-up, 23 children (10.5%) were diagnosed with allergy to βL. Three of the positive cases belonged to the group that reported immediate reactions (3/23 cases, confirmation rate of 13%) and 16 to the group with non-immediate reactions (16/131, confirmation rate of 12.2%). It was possible to obtain a safe alternative βL in all of these positive cases. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of all confirmed cases.

Case  Gender  Age  Atopy  Family history of drug allergy  Type of reaction  Clinical manifestations  Culprit  Previous exposure  No. reactions  ΔReactionstudy (months)  sIgE  ST results  Diagnostic DPT results 
No  Yes  NI  EM  AX/CL  No  96  Nd  IDT+AX/CL (LR)  Nd 
No  Yes  Anaphylaxis  AX  Yes  24  Neg  SPT, IDT -  +* (1h) 
12  No  Yes  U/AE  Pen  Yes  36  Neg  IDT+PPL  Nd 
No  U.  NI (D3)  MPE  AX  Yes  12  Nd  Nd  +* (D5) 
No  Yes  NI (D2)  MPE  AX  U.  12  Nd  Nd  +* (D6) 
No  Yes  NI  Urticaria  AX  Yes  12  Nd  Nd  +* (D2) 
No  Yes  NI  Urticaria  AX/CL  Yes  12  Nd  Nd  +* (8h) 
Yes  U.  NI (D8)  EM  AX/CL  U.  U.  U.  Nd  SPT, IDT (LR), patch -  + (erythema+AE) (7h) 
Yes  Yes  U. (D1)  Urt/AE  AX  Yes  60  Neg  SPT, IDT (LR) -  +* (4h) 
10  Yes  Yes  U. (D6)  MPE  AX/CL  Yes  18  Nd  Nd  +* (5h) 
11  No  No  NI (D14)  SSLS  AX  U.  10  Nd  IDT+AX/CL (LR)  Nd 
12  No  No  NI (D6)  SSLS  Cefuroxime  Yes  Nd  SPT, IDT (LR) -  +* (D7) 
13  No  No  NI (D1)  FDE  AX  Yes  14  Nd  SPT, IDT (LR) patch -  +* (6h) 
14  14  No  No  Anaphylaxis  AX/CL  Yes  10  Neg  IDT+AX/CL and PPL  Nd 
15  Yes  Yes  NI (D1)  SSLS  AX  Yes  Nd  SPT, IDT (LR) -  +* (D7) 
16  12  No  U.  NI (D13)  DiHS  Ceftriaxone  Yes  Nd  IDT+ceftriaxone (LR)  Nd 
17  16  No  No  NI (D7)  Vasculitis  AX/CL  U.  10  Nd  IDT+AX/CL (LR)  Nd 
18  No  No  NI (D8)  SSLS  AX/CL  Yes  11  Nd  IDT+AX/CL (LR)  Nd 
19  17  No  No  NI (D21)  MPE  Cefoxitin  Yes  12  Nd  IDT+Cefoxitin (LR)  Nd 
20  No  Yes  Anaphylaxis  AX/CL  Yes  10  Neg  IDT+AX/CL  Nd 
21  No  Yes  U.  MPE  AX/CL  Yes  12  Nd  Nd  +* (D2) 
22  10  No  No  NI (D5)  SSLS  AX/CL  Yes  U.  Nd  IDT+AX/CL, PPL and MDM (LR)  Nd 
23  No  No  NI  MPE  AX  Yes  13  Nd  Nd  +* (7h) 

Legend: U. – unknown; EM – erythema multiforme; NI – non-immediate; AX/CL – amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; IDT – intradermal test; nd – not done; ST – skin tests, Pen – penicillin; MPE – maculopapular exanthema; SSLS – serum sickness-like syndrome; Urt/AE – urticaria/angioedema; FDE – fixed drug eruption; DiHS – drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome; LR: late reading. D: day, AE: angioedema; *: reproducible reaction.

In order to investigate potential risk factors, we compared the two groups of children with confirmed and excluded βL allergy regarding demographic and clinical characteristics (Table 2). The likelihood of βL allergy was significantly higher in children with a family history of drug allergy (47.4% vs. 5.4%, p<0.001) and in those with a shorter time interval between the reaction and the evaluation (p=0.046). On the other hand, the probability of not confirming βL allergy is greater in children reporting less severe reactions (p<0.001) and MPE (p<0.001).

Table 2.

Demographic and clinical characteristics.

  Confirmed βL allergy (n=23)  Excluded βL allergy (n=197)  p value 
Gender, n (%)
Female  7 (30.4)  110 (55.8)  0.027 
Male  16 (69.6)  87 (44.2)   
Age in years (R), Mean (SD)  4.4 (4.3)  3.5 (3.5)  0.262 
ΔReaction study, mean (SD)  1.9 (2.0)  3.0 (3.4)  0.046 
Atopy, N (%)
Yes  3 (13.6)  35 (19.6)  0.773 
No  19 (86.4)  144 (80.4)   
Family history of drug allergy, n (%)
Yes  9 (47.4)a  9 (5.4)b  <0.001 
No  10 (52.6)a  158 (94.6)b   
Culprit drug, n (%)
AX/CL  10 (43.5)  95 (48.2)  0.239 
AX  9 (39.1)  80 (40.6)   
Penicillin  1 (4.3)  8 (4.1)   
Flucloxacillin  0 (0.0)  2 (1.0)   
2nd generation cephalosporin  2 (8.6)  6 (3.0)   
3rd generation cephalosporin  1 (4.3)  2 (1.0)   
Non-specified βL  0 (0.0)  4 (2.0)   
Type of reaction, n (%)
Immediate  3 (13.0)  20 (10.2)  0.385 
Non-immediate  16 (69.6)  115 (58.4)   
Unknown  4 (17.4)  62 (31.5)   
Clinical manifestations, n (%)
Anaphylaxis  3 (13.0)a  0 (0.0)b  <0.001 
Urticaria/Angioedema  4 (17.4)a  34 (17.4)a   
Bronchospasm  0 (0.0)a  2 (1.0)a   
Serum sickness-like syndrome  5 (21.7)a  0 (0.0)b   
Vasculitis  1 (4.3)a  0 (0.0)b   
Maculopapular exanthema  6 (26.1)a  149 (76.4)b   
DiHS/DRESS  1 (4.3)a  0 (0.0)b   
Fixed drug eruption  1 (4.3)a  0 (0.0)b   
Erythema multiforme  2 (8.7)a  0 (0.0)b   
Unspecified cutaneous symptoms  0 (0.0)a  8 (4.1)a   
Unspecified general symptoms  0 (0.0)a  2 (1.0)a   
Severity of reaction n (%)
Mild  5 (21.7)a  142 (72.1)b  <0.001 
Moderate  5 (21.7)a  52 (26.4)a   
Severe  13 (56.5)a  3 (1.5)b   

Different letters a, b denote significant differences among columns in each demographic or clinic characteristic according to Bonferroni's multiple comparison test.

Legend: Age in years (R) – age in years at the time of the reaction; SD – standard deviation; AX/CL – amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; DiHS/DRESS drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms.

Regarding the safety of the less extensive diagnostic protocol in milder reactions, namely direct DPT with culprit drug without previous skin testing we found that it was safe since only seven (4.2%) of 167 children presented a positive DPT with a reaction similar to the index one.

Discussion

In this study, a large group of children with a suspected history of hypersensitivity reaction to βLs was assessed. Only 10.5% were confirmed to be allergic to βLs , after diagnostic work-up, similar to other studies.1,8,10,11,20

Although MPE represent the majority of suspected reactions caused by βL in children, our study confirmed a low positivity rate (3.9%; six confirmed in 155 suspected). However, in the absence of clearly distinctive characteristics of MPE related to viral infections, an allergy diagnosis work-up is mandatory in all cases.

Recently there has been intense debate regarding the diagnostic protocols in allergy to βL in children that has attracted renewed interest on this topic. Several studies have confirmed the low diagnostic value of skin tests in this age group with mild non-immediate reactions to βLs. In this setting, their utility is being questioned, especially considering that these are painful procedures that are poorly tolerated by children and, if negative, do not preclude the need for DPT to confirm the diagnosis.4,7,8,20,21

The knowledge of risk factors for a positive diagnosis could help support the decision to perform the full or the short work-up protocol and this was the primary aim of our study.

We found a significant association between a positive diagnostic work-up and family history of drug allergy (p<0.001), shorter time interval between the suspected reaction and the study (p=0.046) and more severe reactions (p<0.001). The two last findings are consistent with another study.7 Based on our results and the current literature, it is advisable to perform a drug allergy work-up as soon as possible, avoiding the first six weeks after the reaction.

To our knowledge, this is the first study showing a positive correlation between βL allergy in children and parental/sibling history of drug allergy. A recent study showed an increased risk for positive DPT to βL in children with parental history of drug allergy, but only in non-immediate reactions.10 Family history of drug allergy was mainly but not exclusively related to βL (66.7%). The limited number of children with confirmed βL allergy did not allow a multivariate analysis and this is a limitation of this study. Also, no genetic studies were performed in our study. In immediate reactions, some polymorphisms in cytokine genes have been associated with βL allergy.22 Another genome-wide association study in Spanish and Italian populations demonstrated the link between HLA-DRA genetic variants and penicillin allergy.23

Some studies reported that immediate reactions have a high probability of being confirmed after diagnostic work-up.7,8 We did not find this correlation but the high percentage of reactions with unknown chronology (30%) in this study may have contributed to the final result.

The diagnosis of βL allergy in our study was based on positive skin tests (43.5%), namely in positive IDT (seven were positive in late reading and three in immediate reading) or positive DPT (56.5%). The majority of the reactions were induced by DPT performed at day-care hospital (53.8%), with two reactions (28.6%) occurring during hospital stay and five (71.4%) when the children returned home. Six reactions to DPT (46.2%) occurred after continuing the tested drug at home. Except for one case (previously described as erythema multiform but presenting as erythema and angioedema after DPT), the clinical manifestations induced by re-exposure during DPT were similar to the index reaction. However, in non-immediate reactions, the time of onset did not reproduce the index reaction in the majority of cases. In two cases the reactions had a similar delay of index reaction, two occurred earlier and three later. There were no precise data in the remaining five cases.

In the study of these children, a less extensive protocol was followed in all mild reactions, including immediate and non-immediate ones, as usual in our Department. However, the majority of those mild reactions were non-immediate or with unknown chronology. Only six children reported mild immediate reactions and they performed a direct DPT and none reacted. This protocol confirmed to be safe since only seven of the167 children presented a positive DPT similar to the index one. Globally DPT was positive in 6.2% of cases (13/210 children) and in 4.2% of children undergoing direct DPT without previous skin testing (7/167). The safety of this approach is in accordance with other studies concerning mild non-immediate reactions,1,4,24 but few studies support the use of this strategy for mild immediate reactions to βLs in children.10,25

A crucial issue that lacks consensus is the optimal length for DPT in the diagnosis of non-immediate reactions, with protocols ranging from one to five days.5,8,11,20,21,26 Some groups personalize the length of DPT according to the timing of the index reaction.5,7 Although shorter protocols are more convenient and have fewer side effects, some authors defend that extended protocols may increase the sensitivity of DPT and the confidence in subsequent use of the drug.4 A recent study showed that the two protocols are comparable concerning these issues.5 This question was not evaluated by our study. We performed a three-day protocol (one in the hospital and two at home) and as described above, the majority of the reactions were induced by DPT performed at day-care hospital. The time of onset of reactions after continued DPT at home did not reproduce the index reaction in most of the cases, with some reactions after DPT occurring sooner and others later.

In conclusion, only 10.5% of the assessed children in this study were confirmed as allergic to βL. The less extensive diagnostic protocol showed to be safe in milder reactions. This study highlights first degree family history of drug allergy as a risk factor for a positive diagnostic work-up. Larger studies are required, particularly genetic studies to accurately determine future risk for βL allergy in children.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
[1]
J. Azevedo, Â. Gaspar, I. Mota, F. Benito-Garcia, M. Alves-Correia, M. Chambel, et al.
Anaphylaxis to beta-lactam antibiotics at pediatric age: six-year survey.
Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 47 (2019), pp. 128-132
[2]
E.M. Abrams, A.R. Atkinson, T. Wong, M. Ben-Shoshan.
The importance of delabeling β-lactam allergy in children.
J Pediatr, 204 (2019),
[3]
E.R. Gomes, K. Brockow, S. Kuyucu, F. Sarreta, F. Mori, N. Blanca-Lopez, et al.
Drug hypersensitivity in children: report from the pediatric task force of the EAACI Drug Allergy Interest Group.
Allergy, 71 (2016), pp. 149-161
[4]
F. Graham, S. Tsabouri, J.C. Caubet.
Hypersensitivity reactions to beta-lactams in children.
Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol, 18 (2018), pp. 284-290
[5]
F.S. Regateiro, I. Rezende, I. Pinto, C. Abreu, P. Carreiro-Martins, E.R. Gomes.
Short and extended provocation tests have similar negative predictive value in non-immediate hypersensitivity to beta-lactams in children.
Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 7 (2019), pp. 40-45
[6]
M. Lucas, A. Arnold, A. Sommerfield, M. Trevenen, L. Braconnier, A. Schilling, et al.
Antibiotic allergy labels in children are associated with adverse clinical outcomes.
J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 7 (2019), pp. 975-982
[7]
C. Ponvert, Y. Perrin, A. Bados-Albiero, M. Le Bourgeois, C. Karila, C. Delaccourt, et al.
Allergy to betalactam antibiotics in children: results of a 20-year study based on clinical history, skin and challenge tests.
Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 22 (2011), pp. 411-418
[8]
M.A. Zambonino, J.L. Corzo, C. Munoz, G. Requena, A. Ariza, C. Mayorga, et al.
Diagnostic evaluation of hyper- sensitivity reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics in a large population of children.
Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 25 (2014), pp. 80-87
[9]
E.M. Abrams, A. Wakeman, T.V. Gerstner, R.J. Warrington, A.G. Singer.
Prevalence of beta-lactam allergy: a retrospective chart review of drug allergy assessment in a predominantly pediatric population.
Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol, 12 (2016), pp. 59
[10]
C. Mill, M.N. Primeau, E. Medoff, C. Lejtenyi, A. O’Keefe, E. Netchiporouk, et al.
Assessing the diagnostic properties of a graded oral provocation challenge for the diagnosis of immediate and non-immediate reactions to amoxicillin in children.
JAMA Pediatr, 170 (2016), pp. e160033
[11]
I.E. Simsek, M.T. Cogurlu, M. Aydogan.
Suspected reaction with cephalosporin may be a predictive factor for β-lactam allergy in children.
Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 178 (2019), pp. 248-254
[12]
L. Diaferio, A.M. Chiriac, M.C. Leoni, R. Castagnoli, S. Caimmi, V.L. Miniello, et al.
Skin tests are important in children with β-lactam hypersensitivity, but may be reduced in number.
Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 30 (2019), pp. 462-468
[13]
B. Sousa-Pinto, L. Araújo, A. Freitas, L. Delgado.
Hospitalizations in children with a penicillin allergy label: an assessment of healthcare impact.
Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 176 (2018), pp. 234-238
[14]
P. Demoly, N. Adkinson, K. Brockow, M. Castells, A.M. Chiriac, P.A. Greenberger, et al.
International Consensus on drug allergy.
Allergy, 69 (2014), pp. 420-437
[15]
P. Demoly, R. Kropf, A. Bircher, W.J. Pichler.
Drug hypersensitivity questionnaire (ENDA-EAACI).
[16]
K. Brockow, A. Romano, M. Blanca, J. Ring, W. Pichler, P. Demoly.
General considerations for skin test procedures in the diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity.
Allergy, 57 (2002), pp. 45-51
[17]
K. Brokow, L.H. Garvey, W. Aberer, M. Atanaskovic-Markovic, A. Barbaud, M.B. Bilo, et al.
Skin test concentrations for systemically administered drugs – ENDA-EAACI Drug Allergy Interest Group position paper.
Allergy, 68 (2013), pp. 702-712
[18]
W. Aberer, A. Bircher, A. Romano, M. Blanca, P. Campi, J. Fernadez, et al.
Drug provocation testing in the diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity reactions.
[19]
M. Blanca, A. Romano, M.J. Torres, J. Fernandez, C. Mayorga, J. Rodrigues, et al.
Update on the evaluation of hypersensitivity reactions to betalactams.
[20]
J.C. Caubet, L. Kaiser, B. Lemaitre, B. Fellay, A. Gervaix, P.A. Eigenmann.
The role of penicillin benign skin rashes in childhood: a prospective study based on drug rechallenge.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 127 (2011), pp. 218-222
[21]
N. Blanca-Lopez, L. Zapatero, E. Alonso, M.J. Torres, V. Fuentes, M.I. Martinez-Molero, et al.
Skin testing and drug provocation in the diagnosis of nonimmediate reactions to aminopenicillins in children.
[22]
A. Oussalah, C. Mayorga, M. Blanca, A. Barbaud, A. Nakonechna, J. Cernadas, et al.
Genetic variants associated with drugs-induced immediate hypersensitivity reactions: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review.
Allergy, 71 (2016), pp. 443-462
[23]
J.L. Gueant, A. Romano, J.A. Cornejo-Garcia, A. Oussalah, C. Chery, N. Blanca-Lopez, et al.
HLA-DRA variants predict penicillin allergy in genome-wide fine-mapping genotyping.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 135 (2015), pp. 253-259
[24]
L. Moral, J.C. Caubet.
Oral challenge without skin tests in children with non severe beta-lactam hypersensitivity: time to change the paradigm?.
Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 28 (2017), pp. 724-727
[25]
D. Vyles, J. Adams, A. Chiu, P. Simpson, M. Niller, D.C. Brousseau.
Allergy testing in children with low-risk penicillin allergy symptoms.
Pediatrics, 140 (2017), pp. e20170471
[26]
M. Atanaskovic-Markovic, F. Gaeta, B. Medjo, M. Gavrovic-Jankulovic, T.C. Velickovic, V. Tmusic, et al.
Non-immediate hypersensitivity reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics in children – our 10-year experience in allergy work-up.
Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 27 (2016), pp. 533-538
Copyright © 2020. SEICAP
Article options
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos

Quizás le interese:
10.1016/j.aller.2020.03.013
No mostrar más