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Acta Otorrinolaringológica Española Assessment of the impact of post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction on quality of li...
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Uncorrected Proof. Available online 22 December 2025
Assessment of the impact of post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction on quality of life: Comparison of specific questionnaires
Evaluación del impacto de la disfunción olfativa post-COVID-19 en la calidad de vida: comparación de cuestionarios específicos
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Carlota Rovira-Martíneza, Mariana Campos-Motamayora, Aina Sansa-Pernaa, Elios Yustea, Laura Gelaberta, Josep de Haro-Licerb,c, Alda Cardesín-Revillaa, Miguel Caballero-Borregod,e,
Corresponding author
mcaba@clinic.cat

Corresponding author.
a Unidad de Rinologia y Trastornos del Sueño, Departamento de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital ParcTaulí, Sabadell, Spain
b Departamento de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Municipal Badalona, Badalona, Spain
c Director del Grupo Investigación Interdisciplinar de Asesoramiento de la Percepción (GIIASP), Spain
d Departamento de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Clínicde Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
e Departament de Cirurgia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Tables (5)
Table 1. Characteristics of the patients included in the study.
Tables
Table 2. Classification of olfactory dysfunction according to the Visual Analog Scale (VAS).
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Table 3. Mean scores obtained on the subjective tests: SNOT-22 (including the breakdown of question 21, specific to smell), VAS, QVOLF (with its different descriptive groups), and svQOD-NS. The percentage impact of the score obtained with respect to the maximum possible score.
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Table 4. Correlation between the SNOT-22, QVOLF, and svQOD-NS quality of life questionnaires and the three domains of the BAST-24 psychophysical test (Detection, Identification, and Memory).
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Table 5. Differences between sexes in the responses to the 3 quality-of-life questionnaires (QVOLF, svQOD-NS, and QVOLF), breaking down the QVOLF into descriptive subgroups. The results of the U statistic, p, and 95% CI of the effect size A = U/(n₁ × n₂) are presented.
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Abstract
Background and objectives

Post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction persists in many patients and significantly affects quality of life. The primary objective was to evaluate olfactory function using psychophysical tests (BAST-24) and quality-of-life questionnaires. Secondary objectives included analysing correlations between questionnaires and the relationship between subjective and psychophysical measures.

Materials and methods

A prospective study was conducted including 86 adults with olfactory dysfunction ≥ 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clinical and demographic data and scores from the Visual Analog Scale for smell (VAS-smell) and the SNOT-22, svQOD-NS, and QVOLF questionnaires were collected. Olfactory function was assessed using the BAST-24 (detection, identification, and olfactory memory). Descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and the Mann-Whitney U test were used (p < 0.05).

Results

Mean age was 49 years (SD = 14); 76.7% were women. According to the VAS, 90.7% had hyposmia and 8.1% anosmia. Mean scores (SD) were: VAS 6 (2), SNOT-22 26 (20), svQOD-NS 4 (4), and QVOLF 127 (50), suggesting a moderate impact on quality of life. BAST-24 scores: detection 91% (22), identification 52% (25), and memory 35% (20). QVOLF and svQOD-NS showed a strong correlation (ρ = 0.797; p < 0.001), while SNOT-22 correlated moderately with both. No significant correlations were found between any questionnaire and BAST-24.

Conclusions

QVOLF and svQOD-NS questionnaires are more sensitive than SNOT-22 for assessing olfactory dysfunction. The lack of correlation with psychophysical tests highlights the need to combine both approaches fora comprehensive evaluation.

Keywords:
Olfactory dysfunction
COVID-19
Quality of life
Specific questionnaires
BAST-24
SNOT-22
Resumen
Antecedentes y objetivo

La disfunción olfativa post-COVID-19 persiste en muchos pacientes y afecta significativamente la calidad de vida. El objetivo principal fue evaluar la función olfativa con pruebas psicofísicas (BAST-24) y cuestionarios de calidad de vida. Como objetivos secundarios, se analizó la correlación entre los cuestionarios y explorar la relación entre medidas subjetivas y psicofísicas.

Material y métodos

Se realizó un estudio prospectivo en 86 adultos con disfunción olfativa ≥6 meses tras infección por SARS-CoV-2. Se recogieron datos clínico-demográficos, y puntuaciones de la Escala Visual Analógica para el olfato (EVA-olfato) y de los cuestionarios de calidad de vida SNOT-22, svQOD-NS y QVOLF. La función olfativa se evaluó con elBAST-24 (detección, identificación y memoria olfativa). Se usaron estadísticos descriptivos, coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y prueba de Mann-Whitney U (p < 0,05).

Resultados

La edad media fue 49 años (DE = 14; IC95% 46,0–52,0); el 76,7% eran mujeres. Según la EVA, el 90,7% presentó hiposmia y el 8,1% anosmia. Las puntuaciones medias (DE) fueron: EVA 6 (2), SNOT-22 26 (20), svQOD-NS 4 (4) y QVOLF 127 (50), sugiriendo impacto moderado en la calidad de vida. BAST-24: detección 91%, (22) identificación 52% (25) y memoria 35% (20). QVOLF y svQOD-NS mostraron fuerte correlación (ρ = 0,797; p < 0,001) mientras que SNOT-22 correlacionó moderadamente con ambos. No hubo correlaciones significativas entre cuestionarios y BAST-24.

Conclusiones

QVOLF y svQOD-NS son más sensibles que SNOT-22 para evaluarla disfunción olfativa. La ausencia de correlación con pruebas psicofísicas resalta la necesidad de combinar ambas para una evaluación integral.

Palabras clave:
Disfunción olfativa
COVID-19
Calidad de vida
Cuestionarios específicos
BAST-24
SNOT-22

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