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Vacunas (English Edition) The new genetically attenuated vaccines against poliomyelitis virus
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Vol. 26. Issue 1.
(January - March 2025)
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Vol. 26. Issue 1.
(January - March 2025)
Review article
The new genetically attenuated vaccines against poliomyelitis virus
Las nuevas vacunas genéticamente atenuadas frente al virus de la poliomielitis
Jordi Reinaa,b,
Corresponding author
jorge.reina@ssib.es

Corresponding author.
, Julia Viana-Ramírezb
a Unidad de Virología, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
b Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Abstract

There are two types of vaccines available against polio virus: the inactivated (Salk, IPV) and the oral/attenuated (Sabin, OPV). Live vaccines are highly effective in inducing protective immunity against certain infections, also favoring the cessation of their epidemic spread. There are three wild serotypes of the polio virus, however currently two of them, serotype 2 and 3, are considered eradicated so that the only one that still circulates in endemic countries is serotype 1. One of the problems of OPV, which cannot occur with IPV, is its possible reversion to the wild form, circulating as vaccinal poliovirus (cOPV) and its transmission to unvaccinated people, giving rise to paralytic processes associated with the vaccine. To avoid this phenomenon, new oral polio vaccines (nOPV-c1) with greater safety and less reversion have been developed by modifying and introducing a series of genetic modifications in the RNA of the virus. Different studies have shown that children who received OPV2-c1 presented a higher degree of attenuation and thermostability and a highly significant decrease in the ability to affect the nervous system and develop severe neurovirulence and possible post-vaccination polio. These studies establish the pathogenic and molecular bases in the most vulnerable child population that allowed the use of this new genetically attenuated vaccine in population vaccination campaigns.

Keywords:
Polio virus
Attenuated vaccine
Oral vaccine
Genetic modifications
Resumen

Frente al virus de la polio se disponen de 2 tipos de vacunas: la inactivada (Salk, VIP) y la oral/atenuada (Sabin, VOP). Las vacunas atenuadas son altamente eficaces en la inducción de una inmunidad protectora frente a ciertas infecciones, favoreciendo además el cese de la difusión epidémica de ellas. Existen 3 serotipos salvajes del virus de la polio; sin embargo, en la actualidad 2 de ellos, el serotipo 2 y el 3, se consideran erradicados, de modo que el único que todavía circula en los países endémicos es el serotipo 1. Uno de los problemas de la VOP, que no puede ocurrir con la VIP, es su posible reversión a la forma salvaje, circulando como poliovirus vacunal (VOPc) y su transmisión a personas no vacunadas, dando lugar a procesos paralíticos asociados a la vacuna. Para evitar este fenómeno, se han desarrollado nuevas vacunas orales frente a la polio (nVPO-c1) de mayor seguridad y menor reversión, modificando e introduciendo una serie de modificaciones genéticas en el ARN del virus. Los diferentes estudios han demostrado que los niños que recibieron la VOP2-c1 presentaron un mayor grado de atenuación y termoestabilidad y un descenso muy significativo de la capacidad para afectar al sistema nervioso y desarrollar una neurovirulencia grave y posible polio posvacunal. Estos estudios establecen las bases patogénicas y moleculares en la población infantil más vulnerable que permitían el empleo de esta nueva vacuna atenuada genéticamente en las campañas de vacunación poblacional.

Palabras clave:
Virus de la polio
Vacuna atenuada
Vacuna oral
Modificaciones genéticas

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