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Spanish Journal of Legal Medicine Advances in nomenclature for the implementation of forensic genomics
Journal Information
Vol. 51. Issue 4.
(October - December 2025)
Vol. 51. Issue 4.
(October - December 2025)
Review
Advances in nomenclature for the implementation of forensic genomics
Avances en nomenclatura para la implementación de la genómica forense
Mayra Elizabeth García-Acevesa, José Alonso Aguilar-Velázquezb, Héctor Rangel-Villalobosa,
Corresponding author
hrangel13@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
a Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega de la Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCiénega-UdeG), Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
b Laboratorio de Ciencias Morfológico Forenses y Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCS-UdeG), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Table 1. Recommendations from the International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG) on the nomenclature for SB (sequence-based) alleles of short tandem repeats (STRs).
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Abstract

This review provides an overview of the main commercial platforms and kits available for forensic genomics based on massively parallel sequencing (MPS). Different possibilities and advantages are described, such as the definition of sequence-based (SB) alleles to increase the capacity to establish complex kinship relationships, compared to length-based (LB) alleles generated by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Recently, the International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG) made recommendations on the nomenclature of SB alleles based on the definition of a minimum range of sequence for the most commonly used STRs in forensic genetics. This makes it possible to unify results across kits, software, and laboratories to compare STR profiles and develop population databases. The three essential bioinformatics resources for these purposes are described: (1) FSSG (Forensic Sequence STRucture Guide); (2) STRiDER (STR for the identity of the ENFSI reference database); and (3) STRSeq (STR sequencing project). In addition, for the automatic and consistent application of this nomenclature, the ISFG suggests the software FDSTools and STRNaming for allelic designation based on the STR structure (e.g., D13S317 CE11_TATC[12]AATC[1]ATCT[3]). However, for routine forensic casework, it would be more useful to use short, human-readable sequence codes that facilitate interlaboratory comparisons. In this regard, the ISFG describes the SID (Sequence Identifier) platform, which uses an algorithm to generate automatically STR sequence codes (e.g., D13S317_11_IUSW). Although more work remains to be done, this is a major step towards the global implementation of forensic genomics, and understanding it is essential for future progress. This review aims to contribute to this goal.

Keywords:
Allelic nomenclature
Short tandem repeats (STR)
Massively parallel sequencing (MPS)
Gorensic genomics
Sequence-based (SB) alleles
Resumen

En esta revisión se ofrece un panorama general sobre las principales plataformas y kits comerciales de genómica forense basada en MPS (massively parallel sequencing). Se describen diferentes posibilidades y ventajas, como la definición de alelos SB (sequence-based) para aumentar la capacidad de establecer relaciones de parentesco complejo, respecto a los alelos LB (lenght-based) generados por CE (capillary electrophoresis). Recientemente, la ISFG (International Society for Forensic Genetics) hizo recomendaciones sobre la nomenclatura de alelos SB basada en la definición de un rango mínimo de secuencia para los STR más utilizados. Esto posibilita unificar resultados entre kits, softwares y laboratorios, para comparar perfiles y elaborar bases de datos. Se describen los recursos bioinformáticos esenciales para estos fines: 1) FSSG (Forensic Sequence STRucture Guide); 2) STRiDER (STRs for Identity ENFSI Reference Database); y 3) STRSeq (STR sequencing project). Para la aplicación automática y consistente de la nomenclatura, la ISFG sugiere el software FDSTools y STRNaming para la designación alélica basada en la estructura del STR (p. ej., D13S317 CE11_TATC[12]AATC[1]ATCT[3]). Sin embargo, para el trabajo forense de rutina sería más útil emplear códigos de secuencia cortos -y humanamente legibles- que faciliten las comparaciones entre laboratorios. Al respecto, la ISFG describe la plataforma SID (Sequence identifier), la cual, con un algoritmo genera de forma automática códigos de secuencia STR (p. ej., D13S317_11_IUSW). Aunque queda trabajo por hacer, este es un gran paso para la implementación global de la genómica forense, y su comprensión es esencial para los futuros avances. Esta revisión busca contribuir a este propósito.

Palabras clave:
Nomenclatura alélica
Repeticiones cortas en tándem (STR)
Secuenciación masiva paralela (MPS)
Genómica forense
Alelos sequence-based (SB)

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