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Vol. 64. Issue 3.
Pages 144-156 (March 2017)
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Vol. 64. Issue 3.
Pages 144-156 (March 2017)
Continuing education
Regional analgesia in postsurgical critically ill patients
Analgesia regional en el paciente crítico posquirúrgico
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4
S. Moliner Velázqueza, R. Rubio Harob, C. De Andrés Serranob, J. De Andrés Ibáñeza,c,
Corresponding author
deandres_jos@gva.es

Corresponding author.
a Servicio de Anestesia, Reanimación y Unidad Multidisciplinar de Tratamiento del Dolor, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
b Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
c Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Tables (5)
Table 1. Factors that complicate pharmacological pain management in the ICU.
Table 2. Pain assessment scales for ICU patients.
Table 3. Indications and contraindications for epidural analgesia in critically ill patients.
Table 4. Practical problems arising with epidural analgesia and possible solutions.
Table 5. Continuous peripheral blocks in critically ill patients.
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Abstract

Regional analgesia intrinsically, based on its physiological effects, is routinely used for the perioperative treatment of pain associated with surgical procedures. However, in other areas such as the non-surgical treatment of acute pain for patients in a critical condition, it has not been subjected to specific prospective studies.

If we confine ourselves to the physiological effects of the nerve block, in a situation of stress, the indications for regional anaesthesia in this group of patients extend to the management of a wide variety of medical as well as postsurgical conditions, of trauma patients and of other painful procedures performed in the patient's bed. The critical patient certainly must be analysed individually as their own primary conditions is of vital importance, as well as any associated conditions they have developed that can potentially increase the risk of systemic toxicity or morbidity, such as, coagulopathies, infection, immunosuppressive states, sedation and problems associated with mechanical ventilation.

This review aims to assess the role of regional analgesia in critically ill patients, placing it within the algorithm decision tree of the professional responsible for patients in critical care units, all based on the evidence of potential benefits according to the published literature.

Keywords:
Regional anaesthesia
Analgesia
Pain
Intensive care
Complications
Resumen

La analgesia regional, intrínsecamente y en base a sus efectos fisiológicos, es de uso habitual para el tratamiento perioperatorio del dolor relacionado con procedimientos quirúrgicos. Sin embargo, en otros ámbitos no quirúrgicos, como es el tratamiento del dolor agudo del paciente en situación crítica, no ha sido objeto de estudios prospectivos específicos.

Si nos atenemos a los efectos fisiológicos que el bloqueo nervioso tiene en una situación de estrés, las indicaciones de la anestesia regional en este grupo de pacientes se extienden al manejo de una gran variedad de situaciones tanto médicas como posquirúrgicas, al paciente politraumatizado o a otros procedimientos dolorosos realizados en la misma cama del paciente. El paciente crítico, sin duda, debe ser analizado de forma individualizada, dado que su propia afectación primaria de carácter vital, como las desarrolladas de forma asociada, pueden aumentar potencialmente el riesgo de toxicidad sistémica o de morbilidad, como serían las coagulopatías, infecciones, estados de inmunodepresión, sedación y problemas relacionados con la ventilación mecánica.

Esta revisión intenta evaluar el papel de la analgesia regional en el paciente crítico, situarla dentro del árbol de decisión de los profesionales responsables de los pacientes en las unidades de cuidados críticos, todo ello en base a la evidencia de beneficios potenciales según la bibliografía publicada.

Palabras clave:
Anestesia regional
Analgesia
Dolor
Cuidados intensivos
Complicaciones

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