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Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación (English Edition) Diagnosing paradoxical fat embolism syndrome after cemented hip arthroplasty
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Case report
Available online 6 October 2025
Diagnosing paradoxical fat embolism syndrome after cemented hip arthroplasty
Diagnóstico de síndrome de embolia grasa paradójica tras artroplastia de cadera cementada
S. Maiaa,
Corresponding author
smfmaia@chtmad.min-saude.pt

Corresponding author.
, A. Carneiroa, M. Vargasb, B. Xaviera, S. Carameloa
a Anesthesiology Department, Unidade Local de Saúde de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
b Neurology Department, Unidade Local de Saúde de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Abstract

The diagnosis of cerebral fat embolism syndrome (FES) is not linear. In this case report, a 79-year-old woman underwent urgent cemented hip arthroplasty 24 h after a femoral neck fracture. Immediately after the procedure she had a brief episode of altered state of consciousness. After 4 h, she presented with multiple neurological symptoms which led to activation of the stroke alert system. Various new neurological deficits appeared during the day. She had 2 brain CT scans, which were normal. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed a patent foramen ovale with an exuberant aneurysm. Electroencephalogram showed nonconvulsive status epilepticus, which was promptly treated. Brain MRI showed findings compatible with cerebral FES. After ruling out acute ischaemic stroke, conditions that lead to multiple embolic strokes in different vascular territories had to be considered due to the diverse neurological deficits. The embolization hypothesis was also supported by the sudden onset of the symptoms. Even though FES is an exclusion diagnosis, the patient’s brain MRI showed the distinct radiographic features of fat microembolism. Perioperative neurological deficits are not uncommon, particularly in elderly patients. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial to ensure favourable outcomes and prevent long-term sequelae.

Keywords:
Fat embolism
Hip replacement arthroplasty
Perioperative care
Resumen

El diagnóstico de síndrome de embolia grasa (SEG) cerebral no es lineal. En este informe de caso, una mujer de 79 años recibió una artroplastia de cadera cementada urgente 24 horas tras una rotura del cuello del fémur. Inmediatamente tras el procedimiento tuvo un episodio breve de alteración del estado de consciencia. Transcurridas cuatro horas, presentó síntomas neurológicos múltiples que condujeron a la activación del sistema de alerta de ictus. Durante el día aparecieron déficits neurológicos nuevos y diversos. Se realizaron dos TC cerebrales, que fueron normales. El ecocardiograma transtorácico reflejó un foramen oval patente exuberante. El electroencefalograma mostró un estado epiléptico no convulsivo, que se trató con prontitud. La IRM cerebral mostró hallazgos compatibles de SEG cerebral. Tras la exclusión inicial de ictus isquémico agudo, tuvieron que considerarse las condiciones conducentes a los ictus embólicos múltiples en los diferentes territorios vasculares, debido a los diversos déficits neurológicos presentes. También se respaldó la hipótesis de embolización por el inicio rápido de la enfermedad. Incluso cuando el SEG es un diagnóstico por exclusión, la microembolia grasa tiene distintos aspectos radiográficos en la IRM cerebral, que se fueron hallados en esta paciente. Los déficits neurológicos perioperatorios no son infrecuentes, particularmente en la población mayor. El diagnóstico preciso y el manejo adecuado son esenciales para garantizar resultados favorables y prevenir las secuelas a largo plazo.

Palabras clave:
Embolia grasa
Artroplastia de reemplazo de cadera
Cuidado perioperatorio

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