Buscar en
Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte
Toda la web
Inicio Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte Cardiorespiratory responses during deep water running with and without horizonta...
Información de la revista
Vol. 7. Núm. 4.
Páginas 149-154 (Diciembre 2014)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Visitas
3687
Vol. 7. Núm. 4.
Páginas 149-154 (Diciembre 2014)
Original
Open Access
Cardiorespiratory responses during deep water running with and without horizontal displacement at different cadences
Respuestas cardiorrespiratorias de la carrera en aguas profundas con y sin desplazamiento horizontal y en diferentes cadencias
Respostas cardiorrespiratórias durante a corrida em piscina funda com e sem deslocamento horizontal em diferentes ritmos
Visitas
3687
A.C. Kanitza,
Autor para correspondencia
ana_kanitz@yahoo.com.br

Corresponding author.
, G.V. Liedtkea, S.S. Pintob, C.L. Albertonb, L.F.M. Kruela
a Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
b School of Physical education, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil
Este artículo ha recibido

Under a Creative Commons license
Información del artículo
Resumen
Texto completo
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Figuras (6)
Mostrar másMostrar menos
Tablas (2)
Table 1. Mean and standard deviation (SD) of physical characteristics, including age, body mass, height, body mass index (BMI), maximal heart rate (HRmax) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max).
Table 2. Oxygen uptake (VO2) values in two days of test (1 day; 2 day) and at different times of day (Rest1; Rest2; Rest3).
Mostrar másMostrar menos
Abstract
Objective

To compare the cardiorespiratory responses during deep water running with and without displacement at different cadences.

Methods

Twelve young women performed deep water running with and without displacement during 4min at three separate cadences: (a) 60bpm; (b) 80bpm; and (c) 100bpm. The heart rate (HR), ventilation (Ve) and oxygen uptake (VO2) were collected in the last minute of each test. Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures was used with Bonferroni's post hoc test (p<0.05) to compare variables.

Results

The results showed a significant increase in all variables as the cadence increased (HR: p<0.001; Ve: p<0.001; VO2: p<0.001). In addition, the VO2 and Ve values were significantly higher for deep water running with displacement compared to running without displacement (VO2: p=0.047; Ve: p=0.007). However, there was no significant difference in HR with and without displacement (p=0.065).

Conclusions

The results indicate that the increase in both cadence and displacement results in significant cardiorespiratory responses as a result of deep water running. This finding is important for adapting exercise prescription to the goals of participants.

Keywords:
Aquatic environment
Young women
Heart rate
Ventilation
Oxygen uptake
Resumen
Objetivo

comparar las respuestas cardiorrespiratorias durante la carrera en aguas profundas con y sin desplazamiento horizontal y a diferentes cadencias.

Método

Doce mujeres jóvenes realizaron la carrera en aguas profundas con y sin desplazamiento durante cuatro minutos a tres cadencias diferentes: a) 60 bpm, b) 80 bpm, y c) 100 bpm. La frecuencia cardíaca (FC), la ventilación (VE) y el consumo de oxígeno (VO2) se recogieron en el último minuto de cada prueba. ANOVA de dos vías para medidas repetidas con post hoc de Bonferroni (p<0,05) se utilizaron para comparar las variables.

Resultados

Los resultados mostraron un aumento significativo en todas las variables con el aumento de la cadencia (FC: p<0,001; Ve: p<0,001; VO2: p<0,001). Además, los valores de VO2 y Ve fueron significativamente mayores para la carrera en aguas profundas que se ejecuta con desplazamiento en comparación con la realizada sin desplazamiento (VO2: p=0,047; Ve: p=0,007). Sin embargo, no hubo diferencia significativa en FC con y sin desplazamiento (p=0,065).

Conclusiones

Los resultados indican que el incremento de la cadencia y el desplazamiento proporcionan importantes respuestas cardiorrespiratorias en la carrera en aguas profundas. Este hallazgo es importante para la adaptación de la prescripción de ejercicio de acuerdo con los objetivos de los participantes.

Palabras clave:
Ambiente acuático
Mujeres jóvenes
Frecuencia cardíaca
Ventilación
Consumo de oxígeno
Resumo
Objetivo

comparar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias durante corrida em piscina funda profunda com e sem deslocamento horizontal em diferentes ritmos.

Métodos

Doze mulheres jovens realizaram corrida aquática com e sem deslocamento durante quatro minutos, em três ritmos distintos: a) 60 bpm; b) 80 bpm; e c) 100 bpm. A frequência cardíaca (FC), ventilação (VE) e o consumo de oxigênio (VO2) foram coletados no último minuto de cada teste. Two-way ANOVA para medidas repetidas foi utilizada com o teste post hoc Bonferroni's (p<0,05) para comparar as variáveis.

Resultados

Os resultados mostraram aumentos significativos em todas as variáveis conforme o aumento do ritmo (FC: p<0,001; VE: p<0,001; VO2: p<0,001). Além disso, os valores de VO2 e VE foram significativamente maiores para corrida aquática com deslocamento em relação à corrida sem deslocamento (VO2: p=0,047; VE: p=0,007). No entanto, não houve diferença significativa na FC com e sem deslocamento (p=0,065).

Conclusãos

Os resultados indicam que o aumento do ritmo e deslocamento proporcionam importantes respostas cardiorrespiratórias na corrida em piscina funda. Este achado é importante para adaptar a prescrição de exercícios conforme os objetivos dos participantes.

Palavras-chave:
Ambiente aquático
Mulheres jovens
Frequência cardíaca
Ventilação
Consumo de oxigênio
Texto completo
Introduction

The study of cardiorespiratory responses in aquatic exercise has gained attention in recent years, mainly to improve the prescription of these activities. Swimming, water-based exercise and deep water running can be highlighted as activities developed in an aquatic environment. Such activities have been recommended due to their physical fitness benefits,1 lower cardiovascular demand2,3 and reduced impact on the joints of the lower limbs.4–9

Deep water running is performed with the aid of a floatation vest that keeps the individual upright and does not allow the feet to rest on the bottom of the pool.10 This exercise can be performed with or without displacement. Moreover, deep water running can be an effective form of cardiovascular conditioning for both injured athletes and individuals who need aerobic exercise without impact on the joints of the lower limbs.11

Several studies have shown that exercise involving vertical displacement, such water-based exercise, and an increase in cadence result in a rise in angular velocity and, consequently, oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR).1,12–15 These responses also have been found with increasing linear velocity in horizontal displacement exercises, such as water walking.16–20 However, in deep water running, it is not yet clear which factors directly influence the increase in cardiorespiratory responses at submaximal intensities. According to studies previously cited, the increase in exercise intensity, either by cadence (angular velocity) or speed (linear velocity), maximizes the cardiorespiratory response, largely because the drag force increases with the increase in velocity.21

Furthermore, an increase in the projected frontal area increases the resistance of the movement, contributing to elevated cardiorespiratory responses. In deep water running, resistance can be increased by using different arm movements22 and alternating running with and without displacement.3 In this way, Kanitz et al.3 compared deep water running with and without displacement in a submaximal cadence of 80bpm. The authors observed no significant differences in VO2, energy expenditure (EE) or perceived exertion (PE) and stated that the low linear velocity of horizontal displacement at a submaximal cadence (80bpm) may have contributed to the resistance, which was maximized to influence other variables.

Although there is interest in evaluating cardiorespiratory responses during deep water running, there are few studies that have analyzed responses to different intensities and execution forms. There are many factors that influence cardiorespiratory variables during water immersion, causing different physiological responses or varying interpretations in study conclusions. It is important to highlight these influences so that fitness professionals can appropriately prescribe exercises performed in an aquatic environment.

Due to the growing number of participants in varying types of water exercise, it is necessary to understand the physiological responses so that water exercise programs, such as deep water running, can be adapted to the goals of the participants. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare cardiorespiratory responses for young women during deep water running with and without displacement at different cadences.

MethodsSubjects

The sample was composed of twelve young, physically active women between 19 and 26 years of age. Subjects were selected through verbal invitation to scholarship holders within a community project coordinated by the School of Physical Education at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (ESEF/UFRGS). The sample size was calculated in PEPI (Version 4.0) at a significance level of 0.05 and a power of 90%. Subject characteristics are shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Mean and standard deviation (SD) of physical characteristics, including age, body mass, height, body mass index (BMI), maximal heart rate (HRmax) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max).

  Mean  ±SD 
Age (y)  23.25  1.96 
Body mass (kg)  57.91  7.13 
Height (m)  161.46  5.57 
BMI (kgm−220.98  5.09 
HRmax (bpm)  190.00  5.00 
VO2max (mlkg−1min−134.83  5.15 

All participants read and signed the informed consent form. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS: No. 2008192). For inclusion in the sample, the candidates had to be healthy, to be non-smokers, and not currently be taking medications. In addition, all subjects were participating in a community project of deep water running for at least six months as teachers and/or instructors of this modality.

Experimental procedures

All subjects attended a session where they signed the informed consent form and completed the personal data form, and both weight and height were recorded. In addition, a familiarization session and two exercise sessions were scheduled for each subject. The order of the exercise sessions was randomized, and, for every subject, a minimum of 48h was scheduled between each session.

All sessions were held in the Swimming Center at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) in a deep pool measuring 16m wide, 25m long and 2m deep. The water was maintained at a temperature of 30°C, which is considered thermally neutral for water-based exercise.23 In the familiarization session, the correct technique for deep water running with the floatation vest in two execution forms (with and without displacement) was demonstrated well as was the cadences used in the tests, Borg's Scale (6–20) and the neoprene mask used for gas collection.

The exercise sessions consisted of performing deep water running with and without horizontal displacement for 4min at three submaximal cadences (60, 80 and 100bpm), which were reproduced with the aid of a digital metronome (model MA-30, KORG). The cadence order and execution form (with and without displacement) were randomized. The test without displacement was performed with one end of a cable attached to the subject through the floatation vest and the other end fixed at the pool's edge. We asked the subjects to maintain stride amplitude during the entire test, and subjects were assisted through visual feedback from the researcher. The participants were asked not to eat or consume stimulants during the 3h prior to each test. In addition, subjects were asked not to practice heavy physical exercise 12h prior to the tests.24

Before each test, subjects remained at rest in a supine position for 30min to assess the at-rest VO2. To ensure that all subjects started the tests with the same metabolic status, the values of the initial at-rest VO2 were used as a reference point for the remaining VO2 values during the test. Following the rest period, the first exercise test began at a determined cadence and execution form. The subject then rested long enough for the VO2 values to lower to that of the initial at-rest VO2. Exercise was then performed again using the same execution form, but a different cadence. The subject rested again, and then, the final exercise test was performed using the same execution form and the last cadence (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Protocol for the exercise sessions.

(0,13MB).

HR, VO2 and ventilation (Ve) were collected every 10s during the two test sessions. A frequency meter (Polar, model FS1) was used to measure HR. A portable gas analyser (INBRAMED, model VO2000) was used to determine VO2 and Ve. The equipment was calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions prior to each collection. Immediately following the end of the exercise, RPE was collected according to the Borg-6-20 RPE scale.

Data treatment

During the rest period prior to each test, the mean value obtained for the last 3min of VO2 was calculated. For each test, the average of the VO2, Ve and HR values were obtained between the third and fourth minutes.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis, and the data are reported as the mean±SD. The Shapiro–Wilk test for normality was used. Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to identify whether each subject started the exercise tests with cardiorespiratory responses similar to those at rest (factors were moment and day) and to determine significant differences in the cardiorespiratory variables (factors were execution form and cadence). Statistical significance was established as α=0.05, and the SPSS (Version 20.0) statistical package was employed.

Results

The resting VO2 values are shown in Table 2. The results showed that the individuals began the exercise sessions with a similar metabolic status, indicating that the magnitude of the responses found during the exercise tests can be attributed to the effort required to complete them.

Table 2.

Oxygen uptake (VO2) values in two days of test (1 day; 2 day) and at different times of day (Rest1; Rest2; Rest3).

  Times  1 Day2 DayTimes  Day  Time×day 
    Mean  ±SD  Mean  ±SD  p  p  p 
VO2 (lmin−1)Rest 1  0.18  0.07  0.17  0.05       
Rest 2  0.17  0.03  0.17  0.05  0.517  0.167  0.451 
Rest 3  0.19  0.07  0.16  0.06       

The pattern of the cardiorespiratory variables during exercise performed in both execution forms at each cadence is presented in Figs. 2–6. According to the results, we can note that, with the increase in cadence, there is a significant increase in HR (p<0.001), Ve (p<0.001), RPE (p<0.001) and both absolute (p<0.001) and relative VO2 (p<0.001). Furthermore, we found significantly higher values for Ve (p=0.007), PE (p=0.054) and both absolute (p=0.047) and relative VO2 (p=0.028) during deep water running with displacement when compared to running without displacement. There was no significant difference between the two execution forms (p=0.065) for HR.

Fig. 2.

Heart rate (HR) behavior at different cadences (60, 80 and 100bpm) and different execution forms (with and without displacement). Different letters represent statistically significant difference between cadences for both execution forms (p0.05). *represents statistically significant difference between execution forms (p0.05).

(0,06MB).
Fig. 3.

Ventilation (Ve) behavior at different cadences (60, 80 and 100bpm) and different execution forms (with and without displacement). Different letters represent statistically significant difference between cadences for both execution forms (p0.05). *represents statistically significant difference between execution forms (p0.05).

(0,06MB).
Fig. 4.

Absolute oxygen uptake (VO2) behavior at different cadences (60, 80 and 100bpm) and different execution forms (with and without displacement). Different letters represent statistically significant difference between cadences for both execution forms (p0.05). *represents statistically significant difference between execution forms (p0.05).

(0,07MB).
Fig. 5.

Relative oxygen uptake (VO2) behavior at different cadences (60, 80 and 100bpm) and different execution forms (with and without displacement). Different letters represent statistically significant difference between cadences for both execution forms (p0.05). *represents statistically significant difference between execution forms (p0.05).

(0,07MB).
Fig. 6.

Rating perceived of exertion (RPE) behavior at different cadences (60, 80 and 100bpm) and different execution forms (with and without displacement). Different letters represent statistically significant difference between cadences for both execution forms (p0.05). *represents statistically significant difference between execution forms (p0.05).

(0,06MB).
Discussion

According to the results, the cadence significantly influenced all the variables, and the values of the cardiorespiratory variables increased with the increase in cadence. Similar results are observed in exercise without horizontal displacement, such as water-based exercise.1,12–14 Alberton et al.13 found that cardiorespiratory responses (%HRmax and %VO2max) increased with increasing cadence during stationary running. The authors used the same cadences as those used in the present study, which were 60, 80 and 100bpm. Similar results were observed by Raffaelli et al.15 who evaluated the VO2, Ve, HR and RPE responses of five water-based exercises at different cadences (110–120bpm, 120–130bpm and 130–140bpm) and observed a significant increase in these variables with increasing cadence.

In exercises with horizontal displacement, such as water walking, these results occur with increasing linear speed.18,19,25–27 Hall et al.18 evaluated the HR and VO2 responses during submaximal exercise on a water treadmill. The tests were performed at speeds of 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5kmh−1. The cardiorespiratory variables increased linearly with an increase in the speed of the exercise. Shono et al.25 evaluated HR, VO2 and EE during water walking at speeds of 20, 30, 40 and 50mmin−1. The authors observed an exponential increase in these variables with the increase in speed.

These responses occur due to the increase in corporal velocity in relation to the water, which leads to a large increase in resistance. This greater drag force can be explained by the fact that the velocity (s) is squared and directly proportional to the resistance (R), which can be represented as a general fluid equation (R=0.5. ρAs2Cd).21 Thus, the increase in speed causes greater resistance to forward motion and, consequently, results in an increase in exercise intensity, maximizing the cardiorespiratory response and RPE.

Moreover, the results showed that the displacement effect significantly influenced the VO2, Ve and RPE variables, resulting in higher values for deep water running with displacement when compared to running without displacement. Deep water running performed with horizontal displacement results in a larger projected area than running without horizontal displacement, particularly as horizontal displacement involves the trunk segment as the projected area in addition to segments of the thigh and leg. Thus, as the velocity, the projected area (A) is also directly related to increases in the resistance to the advancement (R).21

Similar results were found by Alberton et al.28 who observed that responses for HR and VO2 were greater for water aerobics exercises with the greatest projected area in the same cadence of execution (60bpm). The exercise frontal kick to 90° with horizontal shoulders flexion and extension showed significantly higher values, while the jumping jacks with arms pushing alternately to the front showed significantly lower values. The authors suggest that these responses are related to different projected areas of each exercise, different muscle mass involved and varying range of motion. In a study by Cassady and Nielsen1 the authors observed that the subjects reached a higher intensity when performing water exercise, with the lower limbs at each cadence tested when compared to exercise performed with the upper limbs. The authors suggest that this result occurred due to greater lower limb length, representing a higher projected area in relation to the upper limbs.

However, Kanitz et al.3 did not find a significant difference between deep water running with and without displacement in cardiorespiratory responses at a cadence of 80bpm. The authors believe that, despite the increased resistance to exercise with horizontal displacement, the lower displacement velocity may have contributed to submaximal resistance, which influences the variables. However, in the present study, differences between the displacement forms were observed for all cadences, including 80bpm. This difference between studies may be due to the higher sample size in the present study (12 subjects) compared to the results of Kanitz et al.3 who recruited only six subjects.

Nevertheless, in the present study, HR did not show significant differences between the execution forms with and without displacement. It is believed that with a larger sample size (only seven subjects were available for analysis due to problems encountered with the HR monitor), we would have detected significant differences because the p value was marginally significant (p=0.065).

Based on results from the present study, we can conclude that the cardiorespiratory responses and rating of perceived exertion can be maximized by increasing the performance cadence. Moreover, deep water running performed with displacement shows higher responses when compared to running without displacement for oxygen uptake, ventilation and rating of perceived exertion. Therefore, it is suggested that, according to the goals of a given deep water running class, instructors can use varying velocities and forms of displacement. For example, an interval class could alternate deep water running without displacement that has a perceived exertion of 11 (light – perceived exertion for the 60bpm cadence) with deep water running with displacement that has a perceived exertion of 17 (very hard – perceived exertion for the 80bpm cadence).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare to have no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors specially thanks FAPERGS, CAPES and CNPq Brazilian Government Association for its support to this Project.

References
[1]
S.L. Cassady, D.H. Nielsen.
Cardiorespiratory responses of healthy subjects to calisthenics performed on land versus in water.
Phys Ther, 75 (1992), pp. 532-538
[2]
L.F.M. Kruel.
Alterações fisiológicas e biomecânicas em indivíduos praticando exercícios de hidroginástica dentro e fora d’água.
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, (2000),
[tesis doctoral]
[3]
A.C. Kanitz, E.M. Silva, C.L. Alberton, L.F.M. Kruel.
Comparação das respostas cardiorrespiratórias de mulheres jovens realizando um exercício de hidroginástica com e sem deslocamento nos meios terrestre e aquático.
Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte, 24 (2010), pp. 353-362
[4]
T. Miyoshi, T. Shirota, S. Yamamoto, K. Nakazawa, M. Akai.
Effect of the walking speed to the lower limb joint angular displacements, joint moments and ground reaction forces during walking in water.
Disab Rehab, 26 (2004), pp. 724-732
[5]
L.F.M. Kruel.
Peso hidrostático e frequência cardíaca em pessoas submetidas a diferentes profundidades de Água.
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, (1994),
[tesis máster]
[6]
A.M.F. Barela, S.F. Stolf, M. Duarte.
Biomechanical characteristics of adults walking in shallow water and on land.
J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 16 (2006), pp. 250-256
[7]
A.M.F. Barela, M. Duarte.
Biomechanical characteristics of elderly individuals walking on land and in water.
J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 18 (2008), pp. 446-454
[8]
H.B. Fontana, A. Haupenthal, C. Ruschel, M. Hubert, C. Ridehalgh, H. Roesler.
Effect of gender, cadence, and water immersion on ground reaction forces during stationary running.
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 42 (2012), pp. 437-445
[9]
C.L. Alberton, M.P. Tartaruga, S.S. Pinto, E.L. Cadore, A.H. Antunes, P. Finatto, et al.
Vertical ground reaction force during water exercise performed at different intensities.
Int J Sports Med, 34 (2013), pp. 1-7
[10]
C.N. Dowzer, T. Reilly.
Deep-water running.
Sports Exerc Injury, 4 (1998), pp. 56-61
[11]
R.P. Wilder, D.K. Brennan, running. Aqua, F. En: O’Connor, R.P. Wilder.
The textbook of running medicine.
McGraw-Hill, (2001), pp. 579-588
[12]
C.L. Alberton, M. Coertjens, P.A.P. Figueiredo, L.F.M. Kruel.
Behavior of oxygen uptake in water exercises performed at different cadences in and out of water.
Med Sci Sports Exer, 37 (2005), pp. S103
[13]
C.L. Alberton, M.P. Tartaruga, S.S. Pinto, E.L. Cadore, E.M. Silva, L.F.M. Kruel.
Cardiorespiratory responses to stationary running at different cadences in water and on land.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 49 (2009), pp. 142-151
[14]
C.L. Alberton, L.C. Cadore, S.S. Pinto, M.P. Tartaruga, E.M. Silva, L.F.M. Kruel.
Cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular and kinematic responses to stationary running performed in water and dry land.
Eur J Appl Phys, 111 (2011), pp. 1157-1166
[15]
C. Raffaelli, M. Lanza, L. Zanolla, P. Zamparo.
Exercise intensity of head-out water-based activities (water fitness).
Eur J Appl Phys, 109 (2010), pp. 829-838
[16]
J.D. Whitley, L.L. Schoene.
Comparison if heart rate responses: water walking versus treadmill walking.
Phys Ther, 67 (1987), pp. 1501-1504
[17]
G.W. Gleim, J.A. Nicholas.
Metabolic costs and heart rate responses to treadmill walking in water at different depths and temperatures.
Am J Sports Med, 17 (1999), pp. 248-252
[18]
J. Hall, I.A. Mcdonald, P.J. Maddison, J.P. O’hare.
Cardiorespiratory responses to underwater treadmill walking in healthy females.
Eur J Appl Phys, 77 (1998), pp. 278-284
[19]
T. Shono, K. Fujishima, N. Hotta, T. Ogaki, T. Ueda, K. Otoki, et al.
Physiological responses and RPE during underwater treadmill walking in women of middle and advanced age.
J Phys Anthro Appl Hum Sci, 19 (2000), pp. 195-200
[20]
M.B. Pohl, L.R. McNaughton.
The physiological responses to running and walking in water at different depths.
Res Sports Med, 11 (2003), pp. 63-78
[21]
R. Alexander.
Mechanics and energetics of animal locomotion.
Swimming, pp. 222-248
[22]
A.S. Oliveira, M.S. Posser, C.L. Alberton, L.F.M. Kruel.
Influência de diferentes movimentos dos membros superiores nas respostas cardiorrespiratórias da corrida em piscina funda.
Motriz, 17 (2011), pp. 71-81
[23]
L.M. Sheldahl, L.S. Wann, P.S. Clifford, F.E. Tristani, L.G. Wolf, J.H. Kalbfleish.
Effect of central hypervolemia on cardiac performance during exercise.
J Appl Phys, 52 (1984), pp. 1662-1667
[24]
C.B. Cooke, R. Eston, T. Reilly.
Metabolic rate and energy balance. En: Kinanthropometry and exercise physiology laboratory manual.
E & FN Spon, (1996), pp. 175-195
[25]
T. Shono, K. Fujishima, N. Hotta, T. Ogaki, T. Ueda.
Physiological responses to water-walking in middle aged women.
J Phys Anthro Appl Hum Sci, 20 (2001), pp. 119-123
[26]
T. Shono, K. Fujishima, N. Hotta, T. Ogaki, T. Ueda.
Cardiorespiratory response to low intensity walking in water and on land in elderly women.
J Phys Anthro Appl Hum Sci, 5 (2001), pp. 269-274
[27]
K. Masumoto, T. Shono, N. Hotta, K. Fujishima.
Muscle activation, cardiorespiratory response, and rating of perceived exertion in older subjects while walking in water and on dry land.
J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 18 (2008), pp. 581-590
[28]
C.L. Alberton, M.M. Olkoski, S.S. Pinto, M.E. Becker, L.F.M. Kruel.
Cardiorespiratory responses of postmenopausal women to different water exercises.
Int J Aquat Res Educ, 1 (2007), pp. 363-372
Copyright © 2013. Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deporte de la Junta de Andalucía
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos