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Vol. 23. Núm. 3.
Páginas 177-185 (Diciembre 2014)
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Vol. 23. Núm. 3.
Páginas 177-185 (Diciembre 2014)
Open Access
Determinants of late diagnosis of HIV infection in Spain
Determinantes del diagnóstico tardío de la infección por VIH en España
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3637
María José Fuster-Ruiz de Apodacaa,b,
Autor para correspondencia
mjfuster@psi.uned.es

Corresponding author.
, Fernando Molerob, Encarnación Nouvilasb, Piedad Arazob, David Dalmaub
a Sociedad Española Interdisciplinaria del Sida (SEISIDA), Spain
b Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Spain
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Abstract

The main goal of this study was to analyse the determinants of late diagnosis of HIV infection. Secondly, we studied the role of the perception of risk and sexual orientation in HIV testing. Twenty-five people with late HIV diagnosis were interviewed. They were contacted through hospitals and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). To design the interview, we integrated the variables considered in the main models of health-related behaviour. We followed a mixed strategy of analysis. Firstly, we carried out thematic analysis of the interviews, followed by quantitative analysis of the initially qualitative data. The results revealed that the most relevant determinants were the appraisal of the threat of HIV and the low perception of HIV risk. Also, the study found many missed opportunities for diagnosis in health-care setting. Low perception of HIV risk was related to unrealistic optimism, low levels of information about HIV, and the presence of stereotypes about people with HIV. High perception of HIV risk was related to strategies to avoid testing. Homosexuals reported a more positive balance between the benefits of knowing their diagnosis and having the disease. The results provide clues that can guide the design of future strategies to promote early diagnosis.

Keywords:
HIV
Late diagnosis
Determinants of health behaviour Qualitative study
Resumen

El objetivo principal de este estudio fue analizar los determinantes del diagnóstico tardío de la infección por VIH. Asimismo, se estudió el papel que jugaban en ello la percepción de riesgo y la orientación sexual. Se entrevistó a 25 personas con VIH, con las que se estableció contacto a través de hospitales y de organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG). Para el diseño del guión de la entrevista se partió de una integración de las variables consideradas en los principales modelos de conductas de salud. Se siguió una estrategia mixta de análisis. Primeramente, se realizó análisis temático de las entrevistas. Seguidamente, se realizaron análisis cuantitativos sobre los datos cualitativos. Se halló que los determinantes más relevantes eran la valoración de amenaza del VIH y la baja percepción de riesgo. Se hallaron también oportunidades perdidas de diagnóstico en el sistema sanitario. La baja percepción de riesgo se asociaba con el optimismo irrealista, la poca información sobre el VIH y los estereotipos sobre las personas con VIH. La alta percepción de riesgo se relacionaba con las estrategias de evitación del test. Los discursos de las personas homosexuales mostraron un balance más positivo de los beneficios de conocer el diagnóstico. Los resultados sugieren claves que pueden guiar el diseño de futuras estrategias de promoción del diagnóstico precoz.

Palabras clave:
VIH
Diagnóstico tardío
Determinantes de conductas de salud Estudio cualitativo
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