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Psiquiatría Biológica

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Psiquiatría Biológica Efectos adversos metabólicos y endocrinos de los antipsicóticos de segunda gen...
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Vol. 18. Núm. 3.
Páginas 79-126 (Julio - Septiembre 2011)
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Vol. 18. Núm. 3.
Páginas 79-126 (Julio - Septiembre 2011)
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Efectos adversos metabólicos y endocrinos de los antipsicóticos de segunda generación en niños y adolescentes: una revisión sistemática de ensayos aleatorizados, controlados con placebo y guías de práctica clínica

Metabolic and endocrine adverse effects of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents: A systematic review of randomized, placebo controlled trials and guidelines for clinical practice
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M. de Herta,
Autor para correspondencia
marc.de.hert@uc-kortenberg.be

Autor para correspondencia.
, M. Dobbelaereb, E.M. Sheridanc, D. Cohend,e, C.U. Correllc,e
a Centre Catholic University Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Bélgica
b Psychiatric Centre Catholic, University Leuven, campus Gasthuisberg, Gasthuisberg, Bélgica
c The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, Nueva York, Estados Unidos
d Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Groningen,University of Groningen, Holanda, y Division Chronic Care, Noord-Holland-Noord, GGZ-NHN, Heerhugowaard, Holanda
e Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, Nueva York, Estados Unidos
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Los antipsicóticos de segunda generación (ASG) se están utilizando con mayor frecuencia de lo que nunca se había hecho en niños y en adolescentes con trastornos psicóticos y con una amplia variedad de trastornos no psicóticos. Varios ASG han sido autorizados por las autoridades reguladoras para indicaciones pediátricas en diversos países, pero todavía es común su uso fuera de las indicaciones aprobadas. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática y evaluar críticamente la literatura existente sobre los efectos secundarios cardiometabólicos y endocrinos de los ASG en niños y en adolescentes, mediante una búsqueda bibliográfica en Medline/Pubmed/Google Scholar para identificar los ensayos aleatorizados y controlados con placebo de antipsicóticos en niños y adolescentes (edad <18 años) publicados hasta febrero de 2010. Se identificaron 31 estudios aleatorizados y controlados, con un total de 3.595 pacientes pediátricos. La revisión de estos datos confirmó que los ASG se asocian a efectos secundarios cardiometabólicos y endocrinos relevantes y que, en los niños y en los adolescentes, los antipsicóticos muestran una tendencia elevada a inducir hiperprolactinemia, aumento de peso y alteraciones metabólicas asociadas. Tan solo se han presentado datos relativos al cambio de peso de manera suficiente para poder llevar a cabo un metaanálisis formal. En 24 ensayos con un total de 3.048 pacientes pediátricos de diversas edades y diagnósticos, la ziprasidona fue el fármaco que se asoció a un menor cambio de peso (−0,04kg, intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: −0,38 a +0,30), seguido del aripiprazol (0,79kg, IC del 95%: 0,54 a 1,04], la quetiapina (1,43kg, IC del 95%: 1,17 a 1,69) y la risperidona (1,76kg, IC del 95%: 1,27 a 2,25) con valores intermedios, mientras que la olanzapina fue el que se asoció a un aumento de peso mayor (3,45kg, IC del 95%: 2,93 a 3,97). El aumento de peso significativo fue más prevalente en los pacientes con trastorno autista de menor edad y probablemente con menor exposición previa a antipsicóticos. Estos datos sugieren claramente que está justificado un examen de detección y una monitorización rigurosos de los posibles efectos secundarios metabólicos y que siempre que sea posible deben usarse en primer lugar los medicamentos que causan menos problemas desde el punto de vista cardiometabólico. La buena colaboración entre psiquiatras de la infancia y la adolescencia, médicos generales y pediatras es esencial para optimizar los resultados globales y reducir la probabilidad de morbimortalidad cardiovascular prematura.

Palabras clave:
Adolescentes
Antipsicóticos
Enfermedad cardiovascular
Niños
Diabetes
Guías
Manejo
Monitorización
Efectos secundarios
Aumento de peso
Abstract

Second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) are being used more often than ever before in children and adolescents with psychotic and a wide range of non-psychotic disorders. Several SGA have received regulatory approval for some paediatric indications in various countries, but off-label use is still frequent. The aim of this paper was to perform a systematic review and critically evaluate the literature on cardiometabolic and endocrine side-effects of SGA in children and adolescents through a Medline/Pubmed/Google Scholar search of randomized, placebo controlled trials of antipsychotics in children and adolescents (<18 years old) until February 2010. In total, 31 randomized, controlled studies including 3595 paediatric patients were identified. A review of these data confirmed that SGA are associated with relevant cardiometabolic and endocrine side-effects, and those children and adolescents have a high liability to experience antipsychotic induced hyperprolactinaemia, weight gain and associated metabolic disturbances. Only weight change data were sufficiently reported to conduct a formal meta-analysis. In 24 trials of 3048 paediatric patients with varying ages and diagnoses, ziprasidone was associated with the lowest weight gain (−0.04kg, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.38 to +0.30), followed by aripiprazole (0.79kg, 95% CI: 0.54 to 1.04], quetiapine (1.43kg, 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.69) and risperidone (1.76kg, 95% CI: 1.27 to 2.25) were intermediate, and olanzapine was associated with weight gain the most (3.45kg, 95% CI: 2.93 to 3.97). Significant weight gain appeared to be more prevalent in patients with autistic disorder who were also younger and likely less exposed to antipsychotics previously. These data clearly suggest that close screening and monitoring of metabolic side effects is warranted and that the least cardiometabolically problematic agents should be used first whenever possible. A good collaboration between child- and adolescent psychiatrists, general practitioners and paediatricians is essential to maximize overall outcomes and to reduce the likelihood of premature cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Keywords:
Adolescents
Antipsychotics
Cardiovascular disease
Children
Diabetes
Guidelines
Management
Monitoring
Side-effects
Weight gain

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