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Medicina Clínica (English Edition) Acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage: Diagnosis, prognosis and treatment
Journal Information
Vol. 164. Issue 12.
(June 2025)
Review
Acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage: Diagnosis, prognosis and treatment
Leucemia aguda de linaje ambiguo: diagnóstico, pronóstico y tratamiento
Anna Torrenta,b,
Corresponding author
atorrent@iconcologia.net

Corresponding author.
, Vitor Botafogoa, Josep Maria Riberaa,b
a ICO Badalona, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
b Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Tables (3)
Table 1. Lineage assignment criteria by flow cytometry for classification of mixed phenotype acute leukaemias (according to WHO 2017 criteria).2
Tables
Table 2. WHO 2022 and CCI 2022 classification of acute leukaemias of ambiguous lineage.8,24
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Table 3. Results of major studies in patients with acute leukaemia of ambiguous lineage.
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Abstract

Acute leukemias of ambiguous lineage (ALAL) are an infrequent subtype of acute leukemias without clear evidence of differentiation to a one single cell lineage. Despite their rarity constitute a recognized subgroup in the recent international classifications, such as the WHO (World Health Organization) classification. Their diagnosis require highly specialized flow cytometry technology, and also cytogenetics and molecular techniques. The low frequency of the disease has made it difficult to find the best therapeutic strategy, due both to the lack of prospective studies and randomized trials, and to the heterogeneity of the published retrospective studies on follow-up and treatment. The group of ALAL has bad prognosis, and usually requires intensive strategies that include consolidation with allogeneic stem cell transplant as part of the treatment. The objective of this review was to analyze diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of this rare subtype of leukemias.

Keywords:
Ambiguous lineage acute leukemia
Mixed phenotype acute leukemia
Unclassificable acute leukemia
Biphenotypic acute leukemia
Resumen

Las leucemias agudas de linaje ambiguo (LALA) son un subtipo muy infrecuente de leucemias agudas sin una clara diferenciación hacia una sola línea celular. A pesar de su rareza, comprenden un subgrupo reconocido en las clasificaciones más recientes de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Su diagnóstico requiere técnicas de inmunofenotipo, citogenética y biología molecular. Su baja frecuencia ha hecho difícil establecer la mejor estrategia de tratamiento, por la falta de estudios prospectivos y ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, y los análisis publicados hasta la fecha han sido heterogéneos en cuanto a la población seleccionada, al tratamiento y al seguimiento de los pacientes. Su pronóstico es desfavorable y se requieren estrategias intensivas que incluyen el trasplante alogénico de progenitores hematopoyéticos como parte del tratamiento. El objetivo de esta revisión fue realizar un análisis exhaustivo del diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico de este subgrupo de leucemias agudas.

Palabras clave:
Leucemia aguda de linaje ambiguo
Leucemia aguda de fenotipo mixto
Leucemia aguda inclasificable
Leucemia aguda bifenotípica

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