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Medicina Clínica Revisión crítica del ensayo clínico pragmático
Información de la revista
Vol. 121. Núm. 10.
Páginas 384-388 (Enero 2003)
Vol. 121. Núm. 10.
Páginas 384-388 (Enero 2003)
Acceso a texto completo
Revisión crítica del ensayo clínico pragmático
A critical review of the pragmatic clinical trial
Visitas
9977
Carles Vallvé
Autor para correspondencia
vallve@telefonica.net

Correspondencia: Dr. C. Vallvé Apdo. de Correos 157. 08440 Cardedeu. Barcelona. España.
a Farmacología clínica. Cardedeu. Barcelona. España
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En 1967 Schwartz y Lellouch propusieron distinguir entre ensayo clínicoexplicativo y ensayo clínico pragmático. El último concepto ha sidoobjeto de diferentes interpretaciones y de numerosas críticas. No obstante,muchos autores han reclamado la realización de ensayos pragmáticos,especialmente cuando es preciso tomar una decisión terapéutica.A fin de aclarar la situación actual del ensayo pragmático, se ha efectuadouna revisión bibliográfica: entre 1976 y 2002 se registran 95artículos que informan acerca de ensayos realizados según dicho diseñoexperimental; sólo 4 siguieron de forma estricta el método descritopor Schwartz et al.

En el ensayo pragmático, en general, el enmascaramiento de las intervencionesno es posible, lo que implica que la asignación al azar esimperfecta. Esta limitación pone en duda la validez de aplicar métodosfrecuentistas a la valoración de los resultados según intención detratar en un ensayo clínico pragmático. Esta orientación experimentalexige una valoración acorde con la teoría de las decisiones.

Según el teorema de Bayes, la probabilidad posterior de una hipótesisestá condicionada por su probabilidad previa y por su verosimilitud.Existe el convencimiento de que la estadística bayesiana es un instrumentoidóneo para la valoración del ensayo clínico pragmático, pero lafalta de programas informáticos adecuados ha limitado su aplicaciónde forma importante. Recientemente se han desarrollado algunos programas(WinBUGS, TreeAge) que se han mostrado adecuados para elanálisis de decisiones en problemas terapéuticos propios de la atenciónprimaria. Es posible predecir que, gracias a la aplicación de losmencionados programas, el ensayo clínico pragmático experimentaráa corto plazo un importante renacer.

Palabras clave:
Ensayo clínico
Ensayo pragmático
Ensayo explicativo
Teorema de Bayes
Revisión

Schwartz and Lellouch proposed in 1967 to differentiate betweenpragmatic and explanatory clinical trials. The pragmatic approach hasbeen understood in different ways and has also been the object ofsome criticism. Yet different authors have asked to perform pragmaticclinical trials, especially in issues requiring a therapeutical decision.In order to clarify the present situation of the pragmatic trial, a bibliographicreview has been performed. Between 1976 and 2002, 95 originalarticles on clinical trials conducted following a pragmatic designhave been found. Only four followed strictly the approach developedby Schwartz et al.

In a pragmatic clinical trial, it is usually not possible to blind the interventionsand for this reason randomization is imperfect. This limitationcasts doubts about the validity of the frequentistic methods inthe intention-to-treat evaluation of the results of a pragmatic trial.This experimental approach demands an evaluation according to thedecision-making theory.

Following the Bayes theorem, the credibility and the previous probabilityof a hypothesis conditions its posterior probability. It has beenagreed that Bayesian statistics is a suitable instrument for the evaluationof a pragmatic clinical trial, but the lack of adequate informatics'programs has limited seriously its application. Recently, some newprograms (WinBUGS, TreeAge) have been developed and applied tothe decision analysis in some primary care therapeutic questions. Itseems possible to predict that, thanks to the new informatics' programson Bayesian statistics, the pragmatic clinical trial will experience,in the short term, an important revival.

Key words:
Clinical trial
Pragmatic trial
Explanatory trial
Bayes theorem
Review
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Copyright © 2003. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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