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Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition) Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of Mayaro and Oropouche virus infections: ...
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Available online 5 January 2026
Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of Mayaro and Oropouche virus infections: implication for clinical practice and public health
Epidemiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las infecciones por virus Mayaro y Oropouche: implicaciones para la práctica clínica y la salud pública
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Jaime R. Torresa, Wilmer Villamil Gómezb, Octavio Arce Garcíac, Francisco Javier Membrillo de Novalesc,
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fmemnov@oc.mde.es

Corresponding author.
a Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
b Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
c Unidad NRBQ-Infecciosas, Hospital Central de la Defensa “Gómez Ulla”, Madrid, Spain
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Table 1. Cumulative cases of OROV infection in 2025 by country (adapted from PAHO, https://www.paho.org/es/arbo-portal/arbo-portal-oropouche). EW: epidemiological week.
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Table 2. Case definition of OROV infection (adapted from PAHO, https://www.paho.org/es/temas/enfermedad-por-virus-oropouche#definicion-caso).
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Table 3. Similarities and clinical differences between OROV and DENV. Source: Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kouri" ["Pedro Kouri" Institute of Tropical Medicine], Ministry of Public Health, Cuba. * Recurrence of symptoms in up to 60% of cases between one and 10 days after initial improvement.
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Table 4. Clinical and analytical aspects of the arboviruses that make up the "ChikDenMaZikaYellowOro" mnemonic. CHIK: Chikungunya; DEN: Dengue; MA: Mayaro; YELLOW: Yellow Fever; ORO: Oropouche. a: depending on the geographical region and phylogeny of the virus, some patients do not have fever. Sources: doi: 10.1186/s12941-016-0157-x; doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2025.101596; doi: 10.35434/rcmhnaaa.2022.153.1678.
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Abstract

Mayaro virus (MAYV) and Oropouche virus (OROV) cause emerging infections in Latin America. They represent an increasing public health threat in this and other regions due to their geographic spread, rising case numbers, and the identification of complications and fatal cases. This review, developed by specialists from Latin America and Spain, addresses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of both infections, aiming to provide valuable information for the diagnosis and management of these diseases based on updated scientific evidence. The diagnostic challenges are emphasized, particularly the clinical overlap with other arboviral infections, the lack of commercial diagnostic tools, and the urgent need for active epidemiological surveillance. The risk of undetected outbreaks is highlighted, along with the importance of including these viruses in clinical algorithms—especially in residents or travellers to endemic areas and, specifically for OROV, in pregnant women with suspected arboviral infection.

Keywords:
Mayaro
Oropouche
Arboviruses
Emerging viruses
Diagnostics
Epidemiology
Treatment
Latin America
Resumen

Los virus Mayaro (MAYV) y Oropouche (OROV) ocasionan infecciones emergentes en Latinoamérica. Representan una amenaza creciente para la salud pública en esta y otras regiones debido a su expansión geográfica, aumento de casos y detección de complicaciones y casos fatales. Esta revisión, desarrollada por especialistas de Latinoamérica y España, aborda la epidemiología, fisiopatología, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento de ambas infecciones, con el objetivo de ofrecer información valiosa para el diagnóstico y manejo de estas infecciones, basándose en evidencia científica actualizada. Se enfatiza la dificultad diagnóstica por su solapamiento clínico con otras arbovirosis/arboviriasis, la falta de herramientas diagnósticas comerciales y la necesidad urgente de vigilancia epidemiológica activa. Se destaca el riesgo de brotes no detectados y la importancia de incluir estos virus en los algoritmos clínicos, especialmente en residentes y viajeros en zonas endémicas y, específicamente para OROV, embarazadas con sospecha de arbovirosis.

Palabras clave:
Mayaro
Oropouche
Arbovirosis
Arboviriasis
Virus emergentes
Diagnóstico
Epidemiología
Tratamiento
Latinoamérica

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