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Vol. 26. Núm. S13.
Programa Externo de Control de Calidad SEIMC. Año 2007
Páginas 19-24 (Noviembre 2008)
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Vol. 26. Núm. S13.
Programa Externo de Control de Calidad SEIMC. Año 2007
Páginas 19-24 (Noviembre 2008)
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Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina de origen comunitario
Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
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8816
Emilia Cercenadoa,
Autor para correspondencia
ecercenado@terra.es

Correspondencia: Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Dr. Esquerdo, 46. 28007 Madrid. España.
, Enrique Ruiz de Gopeguib
a Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid. España
b Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario Son Dureta. Palma de Mallorca. España
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Recientemente, las cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina (SARM) han aparecido como una causa de infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad (CO) en pacientes sin los factores de riesgo establecidos para la infección por dichos patógenos. En niños y pacientes jóvenes previamente sanos producen, principalmente, infecciones leves de piel y partes blandas, pero también pueden causar fascitis y neumonía necrosante grave. Las cepas de SARM-CO se diferencian de las hospitalarias en su sensibilidad a múltiples clases de antimicrobianos y en sus características genéticas. La mayoría de ellas comparten el cassette cromosómico estafilocócico (SCCmec) de tipo IV y producen la leucocidina de Panton-Valentine (LPV), una citotoxina que provoca destrucción de los leucocitos y necrosis tisular.

Actualmente, el clon predominante es el USA300, que se ha diseminado por Estados Unidos, Europa y Australia. En España, el clon predominante está relacionado con el USA300. El principal mecanismo de transmisión es por contacto directo entre personas, aunque también se han implicado en la transmisión algunos animales domésticos y de granjas. En los pacientes con infecciones purulentas de piel y partes blandas, la incisión y el drenaje constituyen el tratamiento fundamental, que se debe asociar a la administración de antibióticos si la respuesta es inadecuada. Se puede administrar clindamicina, cotrimoxazol o tetraciclinas y se debe evitar la utilización de fluoroquinolonas por su facilidad para desarrollar resistencia. En el caso de infecciones graves, la vancomicina sigue siendo el tratamiento de elección, si bien hay otras alternativas como el linezolid y la daptomicina (excepto en las neumonías). Las normas de higiene general son la medida más eficaz para evitar su diseminación.

Palabras clave:
Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM)
Infecciones en la comunidad
SARMCO
Leucocidina de Panton-Valentine

Recently, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a cause of community-acquired (CA) infections among patients without established risk factors for MRSA. CA-MRSA strains mainly cause mild skin and soft tissue infections in otherwise healthy children and young adults, but can also cause severe necrotizing fasciitis and pneumonia. In contrast to nosocomial MRSA, CA-MRSA are, in general, susceptible to multiple antimicrobials and present a different genotype. Most CAMRSA strains share the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette (SCCmec) type IV and produce Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a cytotoxin that causes leukocyte destruction and tissue necrosis.

At present, the predominant clone is the USA300 clone, which is widely disseminated in the United States, Europe and Australia. In Spain, the predominant clone is related to the USA300 clone. The main mechanism of transmission is close person-to-person contact, although household pets and farm animals have also been implicated.

In patients with purulent skin and soft tissue infections, the mainstay of treatment is incision and drainage.

Antimicrobials are indicated in patients not responding to appropriate drainage. Clindamycin, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole or tetracyclines can be administered, while the use of fluoroquinolones should be avoided due to the rapid emergence of resistance. For severe infections, vancomycin should be used. Other alternatives are linezolid or daptomycin (only if there is no pulmonary involvement). Adequate hygiene practices are the most efficient measure to prevent spread.

Key words:
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Community-acquired infections
CA-MRSA
Panton-Valentine leukocidin
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Copyright © 2008. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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