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Vol. 23. Núm. S3.
Neumonía nosocomial
Páginas 37-45 (Diciembre 2005)
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Vol. 23. Núm. S3.
Neumonía nosocomial
Páginas 37-45 (Diciembre 2005)
Neumonía nosocomial
Acceso a texto completo
Neumonía nosocomial causada por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina
Hospital acquired pneumonia caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
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63842
Despoina Koulentia,
Autor para correspondencia
deskogr@hotmail.com

Correspondencia: Dr. D. Koulenti. University Intensive Care Unit. KAT General Hospital. 2, Nikis st. 14561 Kifisia, Atenas. Grecia.
, Pavlos Myrianthefsa, George Dimopoulosb, George Baltopoulosa
a Athens University School of Nursing ICU. KAT General Hospital. Atenas. Grecia
b Medical School ICU. University of Athens. ATTIKO University Hospital. Atenas. Grecia
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El Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM) es una causa frecuente de neumonía nosocomial, y su incidencia está en claro aumento. Es el segundo patógeno aislado en los pacientes que fallecen con neumonía nosocomial. Las unidades de alto riesgo de colonización por SARM y las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) son las más afectadas. Múltiples factores de riesgo están relacionados con la transmisión del SARM, como la presión de colonización y la gravedad de la enfermedad de base en el momento del ingreso en UCI. Por otra parte, los factores que predisponen la infección por SARM incluyen ventilación mecánica (MV) prolongada o la administración de antibióticos previos. El control de expansión del SARM sigue siendo un gran desafío. Los programas de identificación junto con precauciones en el contacto con pacientes colonizados por SARM y un uso adecuado de los antimicrobianos son los factores más importantes para un control exitoso. Un tratamiento inicial temprano y adecuado es crucial para optimizar los resultados en los pacientes con esta enfermedad. Hasta ahora, la terapia estándar ha sido con glucopéptidos, pero, a pesar de su actividad in vitro, la mortalidad en los pacientes tratados con este tratamiento es alta, y la principal causa es que los glucopéptidos no penetran bien en los pulmones. El tratamiento con linezolid parece tener mejor resultado, pero es necesario realizar más ensayos clínicos. Como las opciones terapéuticas para neumonía por SARM son limitadas e inadecuadas, es imperativo desarrollar antibióticos más efectivos.

Palabras clave:
Neumonía nosocomial
Neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica
Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina
SARM

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an increasingly common cause of hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) and the second most frequently isolated pathogen from patients who die from HAP. High-risk units for MRSA colonization such as intensive care (ICU's) are the most affected. Multiple risk factors for transmission of MRSA have been identified, including colonization pressure and severity of illness at ICU admission. On the other hand, the most important predisposing factor for MRSA infection is prolonged mechanical ventilation and/or previous antibiotic therapy. Controlling the spread of MRSA remains a major challenge for hospitals. Screening programs, together with contact precautions for cases with MRSA and judicious antimicrobial use are major factors for a successful control. Early appropriate initial therapy is of crucial importance and improves outcome. The standard therapy has been glycopeptides but, in spite of its in vitro activity, mortality in critically ill patients treated with glycopeptides has consistently been reported high, mainly due to their poor lung penetration. Linezolid shows better clinical cure and survival rates, but further studies are needed. As the treatment options for MRSA pneumonia are limited and inadequate, development of more effective drugs is mandatory.

Key words:
Hospital acquired pneumonia
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MRSA
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