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Inicio Cirugía Española La quimioterapia y la radioterapia neoadyuvante en el cáncer de recto increment...
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Vol. 70. Núm. 2.
Páginas 61-64 (Agosto 2001)
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Vol. 70. Núm. 2.
Páginas 61-64 (Agosto 2001)
Acceso a texto completo
La quimioterapia y la radioterapia neoadyuvante en el cáncer de recto incrementan las tasas de cirugía conservadora de esfínteres, sin aumentar la dificultad técnica de la intervención ni las complicaciones postoperatorias
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy in rectal cancer increases the rate of Sphincter conservation without increasing the technical difficulty of the intervention or postoperative complications
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G. Valero*,1, J.A. Luján*, Q. Hernández*, M. de las Heras**, E. Pellicer*, R. Robles*, A. Serrano*, P. Parrilla*
* Departamento de Cirugía General.
** Servicio de Radioterapia. Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca. Universidad de Murcia. El Palmar. Murcia.
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Resumen
Introducción

La radioquimioterapia neoadyuvante en el cáncer de recto disminuye las recidivas locales y algunos autores comunican un aumento de la supervivencia, también se ha observado un aumento de la morbimortalidad postoperatoria. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la dificultad operatoria y las complicaciones postoperatorias en los pacientes con radioquimioterapia preoperatoria.

Pacientes y método

Se estudian 103 pacientes intervenidos de cáncer de recto entre enero de 1995 y diciembre de 1999, divididos en dos grupos: grupo A, formado por 53 pacientes sometidos a radioterapia preoperatoria con 45 Gy (1,8 Gy/día durante 25 días), junto a quimioterapia con 5-fluorouracilo y ácido folínico (la cirugía se realizó 4-6 semanas después de la finalización del tratamiento), y grupo B, compuesto por 50 pacientes con cáncer de recto a los que se practicó la cirugía tras el diagnóstico. Ambos grupos son homogéneos en los datos preoperatorios analizados. Se compara entre los dos grupos la dificultad técnica mediante datos intraoperatorios, así como la tasa de complicaciones.

Resultados

No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos grupos en cuanto a los datos intraoperatorios ni postoperatorios evaluados. En el grupo A existen 20 complicaciones en 17 pacientes (32%), mientras que en el grupo B existen 22 complicaciones en 19 pacientes (38%). La tasa de infección de la herida perineal fue similar en los dos grupos: el 9,4% en el grupo A frente al 10% en el grupo B. El porcentaje de fugas anastomóticas fue mayor en el grupo A (5,7%) que en el grupo B (2%), diferencia sin significación estadística. En el grupo de radioquimioterapia se realizaron un mayor número de resecciones anteriores (75%) que en el grupo B (60%).

Conclusión

El uso de la radioquimioterapia preoperatoria en el cáncer de recto no aumenta la incidencia de complicaciones postoperatorias y aumenta la tasa de cirugía conservadora de esfínteres.

Palabras clave:
Cáncer de recto
Radioterapia preoperatoria
Quimioterapia preoperatoria
Cirugía
Complicaciones
Introduction

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy in rectal cancer decreases local recurrences and some authors have reported increased survival rates. However, increased postoperative morbidity and mortality have also been observed.The aim of this study was to analyze the technical difficulty of the intervention and postoperative complications in patients undergoing preoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Patients and method

We studied 103 patients who underwent surgery for rectal cancer between January 1995 and December 1999. The patients were divided into two groups. Group A included 53 patients who were administered preoperative radiotherapy at a dose of 45 Gy (1.8 Gy/day/25 days) plus chemothe complicarapy with 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid. Surgery was performed 4-6 weeks after the end of treatment. Group B included 50 patients with rectal cancer who underwent surgery after diagnosis. In both groups the preoperative data analyzed were homogeneous. Intraoperative data and the complication rate were used to analyze differences in the technical difficulty of the intervention between the two groups.

Results

No statistically significant differences between the two groups were found in the intra- and postoperative data evaluated. In group A, 20 complications occurred in 17 patients (32%) while in group B, 22 complications occurred in 19 patients (38%). In both groups the infection rate of the perineal wound was similar: 9.4% in group A vs. 10% in group B. The percentage of anastomotic leakage was higher in group A than in group B (5.7% vs. 2%, respectively) but this difference was not statistically significant. A higher number of anterior resections were performed in group A than in group B (75% vs. 60%, respectively).

Conclusion

Preoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy in rectal cancer increases sphincter conservation without increasing the incidence of postoperative complications.

Key words:
Rectal cancer
Preoperative radiotherapy
Preoperative chemotherapy
Surgery
Complications
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