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Actas Urológicas Españolas (English Edition) Molecular detection and clinical relevance of Haemophilus spp. in male urethriti...
Journal Information
Vol. 49. Issue 6.
(July - August 2025)
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3
Vol. 49. Issue 6.
(July - August 2025)
Original article
Molecular detection and clinical relevance of Haemophilus spp. in male urethritis: Prevalence and risk factors
Detección molecular y relevancia clínica de Haemophilus spp. en uretritis masculina: prevalencia y factores asociados
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3
O. Mar-Herrera, J. Llaca-Díaz, A. Flores-Aréchiga, N. Casillas-Vega
Corresponding author
ncasillasv@uanl.edu.mx

Corresponding author.
Departamento de Patología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Figures (2)
Tables (2)
Table 1. Primers, amplicon sizes, and target genes of H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae.
Tables
Table 2. Association of Haemophilus parainfluenzae with sociodemographic, behavioral, and biological factors in the studied population.
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Abstract
Introduction and objective

Urethritis is the most common sexually transmitted infection in men. Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae, commensal microorganisms of the respiratory and oral tract, have been proposed as potential etiological agents of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of these species in urine samples from men with urethritis and analyze their clinical correlation.

Methods

A total of 200 urinary DNA samples from patients diagnosed with urethritis were analyzed. Microorganisms were identified through multiplex PCR, amplifying the P6 and 16S rRNA genes. Associations between risk factors and infection were evaluated by calculating odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using OpenEpi 3.03a.

Results

The mean age of the population was 55 years (range 20–95). Among the participants, 32.5% had received prior sexual education, and 75% reported not using contraceptive methods. H. influenzae was not detected in any sample, whereas H. parainfluenzae was present in 9.5% (n = 19) of cases. Significant associations were identified with the absence of formal education, a history of more than ten sexual partners, masturbation, and sexual intercourse under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs.

Conclusions

Although H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae have been rarely identified in urethritis, their high transmissibility and clinical relevance suggest the need for their detection in high-risk populations. Their identification may contribute to improving diagnosis and the implementation of therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
Urethritis
Haemophilus
Men
Gene
PCR
Resumen
Introducción y objetivo

La uretritis es la infección de transmisión sexual más frecuente en hombres. Haemophilus influenzae y Haemophilus parainfluenzae, microorganismos comensales del tracto respiratorio y oral, han sido propuestos como posibles agentes etiológicos de la uretritis no gonocócica. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de estas especies en muestras de orina de hombres con uretritis y analizar su correlación clínica.

Métodos

Se analizaron 200 muestras de ADN urinario de pacientes diagnosticados con uretritis. La identificación de los microorganismos se realizó mediante PCR múltiple, amplificando los genes P6 y 16S rRNA. Se evaluaron asociaciones entre los factores de riesgo e infección mediante el cálculo de razones de momios (OR) e intervalos de confianza (IC 95%) con OpenEpi 3.03a.

Resultados

La media de edad de la población fue de 55 años (rango 20–95). El 32.5% de los participantes había recibido educación sexual previa, y el 75% mencionó no utilizar métodos anticonceptivos. H. influenzae no fue detectado en ninguna muestra, mientras que H. parainfluenzae estuvo presente en el 9.5% (n = 19) de los casos. Se identificacon asociaciones significativas con la ausencia de educación formal, un historial de más de diez parejas sexuales, masturbación y relaciones sexuales bajo los efectos del alcohol y/o drogas.

Conclusiones

Aunque H. influenzae y H. parainfluenzae han sido raramente identificados en uretritis, su elevada transmisibilidad y relevancia clínica sugieren la necesidad de su detección en poblaciones de alto riesgo. Su identificación puede contribuir a mejorar el diagnóstico y la implementación de estrategias terapéuticas.

Palabras clave:
Uretritis
Haemophilus
Hombres
Gen
PCR
Graphical abstract

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