Buscar en
Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition)
Toda la web
Inicio Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) Gender differences in major depressive disorder: somatic symptoms and quality of...
Journal Information
Vol. 2. Issue 3.
Pages 119-127 (January 2009)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 2. Issue 3.
Pages 119-127 (January 2009)
Full text access
Gender differences in major depressive disorder: somatic symptoms and quality of life
Diferencias de sexo en el trastorno depresivo mayor: síntomas somáticos y calidad de vida
Visits
1521
Dolores Saiz Gonzáleza,
Corresponding author
lolasaiz@yahoo.es

Corresponding author.
, Mercedes Rodríguezb, Carmen Garcíac, Rita Prietocb, Jerónimo Saiz-Ruizb
a Psychiatry Department, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Cibersam, Madrid, Spain
b Psychiatry Department, amón y Cajal Hospital, Alcalá University, Cibersam, Madrid, Spain
c Medical Department, Wyeth, Madrid, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Introduction

Few findings in the literature have been as widely studied and consistently verified as the higher prevalence of depression among women. However, doubts remain on the distinguishing features of female depression. The available studies concur in the higher prevalence of somatizations among women and in the possibility that the impact of these symptoms on quality of life could be underestimated. In this study, all these aspects were analyzed in a sample of depressive patients.

Material and methods

We performed an epidemiologic, cross-sectional, non-intervention study. The final sample of 1164 patients with major depressive disorder (DSM-VI) (629 women and 535 men) was recruited in outpatient Mental Health Services in Spain. Assessments were performed using the Hamilton (HAM-D17), the Quality of Life for Depression Scale (QLDS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire 15-Item Somatic Symptom Severity Scale (PHQ-15) to measure somatic symptoms. Differences were analyzed by Chi-square and ANOVA or Student's t-test, depending on the variable.

Results and conclusions

Somatic symptoms were significantly more prevalent among women. A positive correlation was found between somatic symptoms and worse quality of life. Clinical variables measured by the Hamilton scale showed significant differences in some items but no strong conclusions could be drawn. These results suggest gender differences in depression, which should be replicated in other samples. Other risk or clinical factors could also be included.

Keywords:
Major depression
Gender
Somatizations
Resumen
Introducción

Existen pocos hallazgos tan estudiados y comprobados en la literatura como la mayor prevalencia de la depresión en las mujeres. Sin embargo, todavía son muchas las dudas acerca de las características propias y diferenciales de la depresión en la mujer. Se sabe que hay mayor frecuencia de síntomas somáticos en este grupo, pero parece subestimado el impacto que estos síntomas tienen en la calidad de vida de las pacientes. Estos aspectos se han estudiado en una muestra de enfermos depresivos.

Material y métodos

Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico de corte transversal no intervencionista. La muestra final es representativa y consta de 1.164 pacientes (629 mujeres y 535 varones) con el diagnóstico de trastorno depresivo mayor (DSM-IV) reclutados en centros de salud mental de España. Se aplican las escalas de Hamilton (HAM-D17), de calidad de vida para la depresión (QLDS) y PHQ-15 para síntomas somáticos. Se analizan las diferencias mediante la prueba de la x2 y ANOVA o test de la t de Student según el caso.

Resultados y conclusiones

Hay diferencias significativas en los síntomas somáticos de la depresión entre varones y mujeres, más frecuentes en ellas. Se observa una correlación positiva entre estos síntomas y un empeoramiento de la calidad de vida. En cuanto a las diferencias clínicas medidas con la escala de Hamilton, sólo ciertos ítems son significativos, sin que se pueda extraer conclusiones. Estos datos indican diferencias en la depresión según el sexo que se debe replicar y estudiar en otras muestras. Sería interesante asimismo estudiar otros aspectos clínicos o factores de riesgo relacionados.

Palabras clave:
Depresión mayor
Sexo
Somatizaciones
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
J.L. Vazquez-Barquero, J.F. Diez Manrique, J. Munoz, J.M. Menendez-Arango, L. Gaite, et al.
Sex differences in mental illness: a community study of the inffluence of physical health and sociodemographic factors.
Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 27 (1992), pp. 62-68
[2.]
M.V. Zunzunegui, O. Nunez, Durban, M.J. García de Yebenes, A. Otero.
Decreasing prevalence of disability in activities of daily living, functional limitations and poor self-rated health: a 6-year follow-up study in Spain.
Aging Clin Exp Res, 18 (2006), pp. 349-351
[3.]
S.G. Kornstein, A.F. Schatzberg, M.E. Thase, K.A. Yonkers, J.P. McCullough, G.I. Keitner, et al.
Gender differences in chronic major and double depression.
J Affect Disord, 60 (2000), pp. 1-11
[4.]
R. Nolan, V.L. Willson.
Gender and depression in an undergraduate population.
Psychol Rep, 75 (1994), pp. 1327-1330
[5.]
B. Silverstein.
Gender difference in the prevalence of clinical depression: the role played by depression associated with somatic symptoms.
Am J Psychiatry, 156 (1999), pp. 480-482
[6.]
M.A. Young, W.A. Scheftner, J. Fawcett, G.L. Klerman.
Gender differences in the clinical features of unipolar major depressive disorder.
J Nerv Ment Disord, 178 (1990), pp. 200-203
[7.]
E. Frank, L.L. Carpenter, D.J. Kupfer.
Sex differences in recurrent depression: are there any that are significant?.
Am J Psychiatry, 145 (1988), pp. 41-45
[8.]
M. Hamilton.
Assessment of psychopathology.
Human psychopharmacology: Measures and methods,
[9.]
M. Hamilton.
Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness.
Br J Soc Clin Psychol, 6 (1967), pp. 278-296
[10.]
J.A. Ramos Brieva, A. Cordero Villafáfila.
A new validation of the Hamilton Rating scale for depression.
J Psychiatr Res, 22 (1988), pp. 21-28
[11.]
S.P. McKenna, S.M. Hunt.
A new measure of quality of life in depression: testing the reability and construct validaty of he QLDS.
Health Policy, 22 (1992), pp. 321-330
[12.]
S. Cervera-Enguix, N. Ramirez, N. Girala, S.P. McKenna.
The development and validation of a Spanish version of the quality of live in depression scale (QLDS).
Eur Psychiatry, 14 (1999), pp. 392-398
[13.]
K. Kroenke, R.L. Spitzer, J.B. Williams.
The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms.
Psychosom Med, 64 (2002), pp. 258-266
[14.]
E. Baca, J. Saiz, L. Agüera, L. Caballero, A. Fernández-Liria, J. Ramos, et al.
Validation of the Spanish version of PRIME-MD: a procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care.
Actas Esp Psiquiatr, 27 (1999), pp. 375-383
[15.]
B. Silverstein, J. Clauson, L. Perdue, S. Carpman, V. Cimarolli.
The association between female college students’ reports of depression and their perceptions of parental attitudes regarding gender.
J Appl Soc Psychol, 28 (1998), pp. 537-549
[16.]
B. Silverstein, A.D. Lynch.
Gender differences in depression: the role played by paternal attitudes of male superiority and maternal modeling of gender-related limitations.
Sex Roles, 38 (1998), pp. 539-556
[17.]
B. Silverstein.
Gender difference in the prevalence of clinical depression: the role played by depression associated with somatic symptoms.
Am J Psychiatry, 156 (1999), pp. 480-482
[18.]
B. Silverstein.
Gender differences in the prevalence of somatic versus pure depression: a replication.
Am J Psychiatry, 159 (2002), pp. 1051-1052
[19.]
A. Wenzel, R.A. Steer, A.T. Beck.
Are there any gender differences in frequency of self-reported somatic symptoms of depression?.
J Affect Disord, 89 (2005), pp. 177-181
[20.]
M.W. De Waal, I.A. Arnold, P. Spinhoven, J.A. Eekhof, A.M. Van Hemert.
The reporting of specific physical symptoms for mental distress in general practice.
J Psychosom Res, 59 (2005), pp. 89-95
[21.]
L.J. Kirmayer, J.M. Robbins, J. Paris.
Somatoform disorders: personality and the social matrix of somatic distress.
J Abnorm Psychol, 103 (1994), pp. 125-136
[22.]
H.P. Kapfhammer.
Somatic symptoms in depression.
Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 8 (2006), pp. 227-239
[23.]
R.A. Munoz, M.E. McBride, A.J. Brnabic, C.J. Lopez, L.A. Hetem, R. Secin, et al.
Major depressive disorder in Latin America: the relationship between depression severity, painful somatic symptoms, and quality of life.
J Affect Disord, 86 (2005), pp. 93-98
[24.]
G. Perugi, L. Musetti, E. Simonini, F. Piagentini, G.B. Cassano, H.S. Akiskal.
Gender-mediated clinical features of depressive illness. The importance of temperamental differences.
Br J Psychiatry, 157 (1990), pp. 835-841
[25.]
J.D. Carter, P.R. Joyce, R.T. Mulder, S.E. Luty, J. McKenzie.
Gender differences in the presentation of depressed outpatients: a comparison of descriptive variables.
J Affect Disord, 61 (2000), pp. 59-67
[26.]
S.J. Oliver, B.B. Toner.
The influence of gender role typing on the expression of depressive symptoms.
Sex Roles, 22 (1990), pp. 775-790
[27.]
D.G. Blazer, R.C. Kessler, K.A. McGonagle, M.S. Swartz.
The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: the National Comorbidity Survey.
Am J Psychiatry, 151 (1994), pp. 979-986
[28.]
J.D. Carter, P.R. Joyce, R.T. Mulder, S.E. Luty, P.F. Sullivan.
Gender differences in the rate of comorbid axis I disorders in depressed outpatients.
Depress Anxiety, 9 (1999), pp. 49-53
[29.]
M. Fava, M. Abraham, J. Alpert, A.A. Nierenberg, J.A. Pava, J.F. Rosenbaum.
Gender differences in Axis I comorbidity among depressed outpatients.
J Affect Disord, 38 (1996), pp. 129-133
[30.]
S.G. Kornstein, A.F. Schatzberg, K.A. Yonkers, M.E. Thase, G.I. Keitner, C.E. Ryan, et al.
Gender differences in presentation of chronic major depression.
Psychopharmacol Bull, 31 (1995), pp. 711-718
[31.]
M.H. Rapaport, P.M. Thompson, J.R. Kelsoe Jr., S. Golshan, L.L. Judd, J.C. Gillin.
Gender differences in outpatient research subjects with affective disorders: a comparison of descriptive variables.
J Clin Psychiatry, 56 (1995), pp. 67-72
[32.]
M. Fava.
Depression with physical symptoms: treating to remission.
J Clin Psychiatry, 64 (2003), pp. 24-28
[33.]
L.L. Judd, M.J. Paulus, P.J. Schettler, H.S. Akiskal, J. Endicott, A.C. Leon, et al.
Does incomplete recovery from first time major depressive episode herald a chronic course of illness?.
Am J Psychiatry, 157 (2000), pp. 1501-1504
[34.]
E.S. Paykel, R. Ramana, Z. Cooper, H. Hayhurst, J. Kerr, A. Barocka.
Residual symptoms after partial remission: an important outcome in depression.
Psychol Med, 25 (1995), pp. 1171-1180
[35.]
Denninger JW, Mahal Y, Merens W, Alpert JE, Nierenberg AA, Yeung A, et al. The relationship between somatic symptoms and depression. En: New research abstracts of the 155th annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association 2002. Philadelphia: May 21. Abstract NR 251, 68-69.
[36.]
J. De Leon, J. Saiz-Ruiz, A. Chinchilla, P. Morales.
Why do some psychiatric patients somatize?.
Acta Psychiatr Scand, 76 (1987), pp. 203-209
Copyright © 2009. SEP y SEPB
Article options
Tools
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos