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Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación (English Edition) Postoperative delirium in older adults: A retrospective cohort study
Journal Information
Vol. 72. Issue 7.
(August - September 2025)
Vol. 72. Issue 7.
(August - September 2025)
Original article
Postoperative delirium in older adults: A retrospective cohort study
Delirio postoperatorio en adultos mayores: un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo
J.A. Vélez-Restrepoa, P.A. Betancourt-Ángelb, J.D. Caicedo-Jaramilloa, F.D. Casas-Arroyavea,c,
Corresponding author
fabian.casas@udea.edu.co

Corresponding author.
a Departamento de Anestesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
b Hospital Alma Mater de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
c Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Perioperatoria (GRIMPA), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
Article information
Abstract
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Tables (4)
Table 1. Preoperative clinical characteristics of surgical patients according to the outcome of postoperative delirium.
Tables
Table 2. Intraoperative factors according to postoperative outcome.
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Table 3. Multivariate analysis of potential perioperative risk factors associated with postoperative delirium.
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Table 4. Multivariate analysis of clinical outcomes in patients with postoperative delirium.
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Abstract
Introduction and objectives

Postoperative delirium (POD) is an adverse outcome that has garnered significant interest in perioperative medicine, particularly in older adults, due to its association with increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. In Colombia, this disease is under-reported due to the lack of POD diagnosis and prevention protocols. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and potential risk factors of POD, and its association with other postoperative complications.

Materials and methods

This retrospective cohort study was performed at a tertiary care hospital. Patients over 60 years of age who underwent surgery between 2012 and 2019 were included. Random sampling was used to analyse electronic medical records to estimate the incidence of POD, risk factors, and postoperative complications within 7 days of surgery.

Results

A total of 2535 patients were evaluated. The cumulative incidence of POD was 6.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.1%–6.9%), with most cases (67%) occurring within the first 3 postoperative days. Risk factors associated with POD included a history of psychiatric disorders, preoperative opioid use, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) class III/IV, vascular surgery, urgent or emergency surgery, and functional dependency. POD was also associated with higher in-hospital mortality (OR 2.9 [95% CI 1.66–5.07]).

Conclusion

POD is common in patients aged over 60 undergoing surgery, particularly those that undergo urgent or emergency procedures and vascular surgery, who are ASA class > III, functionally dependent, and present psychiatric disorders. POD is also associated with increased postoperative morbidity and mortality.

Keywords:
Anaesthesia
Delirium
Postoperative delirium
Postoperative period
Neurocognitive disorders
Older adults
Abbreviations:
ASA
CAM
CAM-ICU
CI
DOS
DSM-5
HBP
IL
IQR
MAP
MCI
OR
POD
SBP
SpO2
TNF-Alpha
VAS
Resumen
Introducción y objetivos

El delirio postoperatorio (DPO) es un resultado adverso que ha suscitado un interés significativo en medicina perioperatoria, particularmente en adultos mayores, debido a su asociación con el incremento de la morbilidad, la mortalidad y los costes de la atención sanitaria. En Colombia, esta enfermedad no se reporta debidamente, debido a la falta de diagnóstico del DPO y de los protocolos de prevención. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la incidencia y los factores de riesgo potenciales del DPO, así como su asociación con otras complicaciones postoperatorias.

Materiales y métodos

Este estudio de cohorte retrospectivo fue realizado en un hospital de atención terciaria. Se incluyó a los pacientes mayores de 60 años sometidos a cirugía entre 2012 y 2019. Se utilizó un muestreo aleatorio para analizar las historias clínicas electrónicas, a fin de calcular la incidencia del DPO, los factores de riesgo y las complicaciones postoperatorias transcurridos siete días de la cirugía.

Resultados

Se evaluó un total de 2.535 pacientes. La incidencia acumulada del DPO fue del 6% (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: 5,1%–6,9%), produciéndose muchos casos (67%) dentro de los tres primeros días postoperatorios. Los factores de riesgo asociados al DPO incluyeron historia de trastornos psiquiátricos, uso preoperatorio de opioides, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) clase III/IV, cirugía vascular, cirugía urgente o emergente y dependencia funcional. El DPO estuvo también asociado a una mayor mortalidad intrahospitalaria (OR 2,9 [95% IC 1,66–5,07]).

Conclusión

El DPO es común en los pacientes mayores de 60 sometidos a cirugía, y en particular en aquellos que reciben procedimientos urgentes o emergentes y de cirugía vascular, con clase ASA > III, funcionalmente dependientes, y que presentan trastornos psiquiátricos. El DPO está también asociado al incremento de la morbilidad y mortalidad postoperatorias.

Palabras clave:
Anestesia
Delirio
Delirio postoperatorio
Periodo postoperatorio
Trastornos neurocognitivos
Adultos mayores

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