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Available online 10 October 2023
Temporal Changes in Suicide Mortality Rates Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Colombia. A Joint Point Regression Model
Cambios temporales en las tasas de mortalidad por suicidios antes y durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en Colombia. Un modelo de regresión joint point
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Julio Ricardo Zuluaga Peñaa,
Corresponding author
julio.zuluagap@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Juan P. Zuluaga Peñab, Ángela P. Vega Landaetac, Eugenio Ferrod, Alejandro Lopera Maríne, Diana R. Chávez Bejaranoe, Julián Enrique Barrera Lópeze
a Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
b Odds Epidemiology SAS, Bogotá, Colombia
c Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE), Bogotá, Colombia
d Instituto Colombiano del Sistema Nervioso, Clínica Montserrat, Bogotá, Colombia
e Odds Epidemiology, Bogotá, Colombia
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Table 1. Suicide mortality temporal trends by age (five-year groups) in Colombia (2008–2020). Joint point analysis.
Table 2. Suicide mortality temporal trends by educational level in Colombia (2008–2020). Joint point analysis.
Table 3. Suicide mortality temporal trends by type of affiliation to the health system in Colombia (2008–2020). Joint point analysis.
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Abstract
Introduction

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was declared in March 2020. This disease affects the respiratory system, and shown high rates of morbidity and mortality during 2020 and 2021. Neurological compromise and increased rates of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and substance abuse have also been described. Public health policies to prevent COVID-19 infection, decrease in control and monitoring of mental illness, and social and economic impact may have contributed to the increase in suicidal ideation and suicides. It is not yet clear if there have been changes in suicide mortality rates in Colombia before and during the pandemic.

Objective

To describe and analyze the changes in the temporal trends of suicide mortality rates in Colombia between 2008 and 2020.

Methods

Based on national records, suicide mortality rates observed in Colombia during the COVID-19 pandemic were calculated and compared with those reported in previous years (2008–2019). Mortality rates were analyzed by age, sex, educational level, type of affiliation to health system, region, and etiology of death by suicide. Using the joint point regression software 3.4.4, changes in time trends in suicide mortality rates were estimated for each mentioned variable. Annual percentage changes (APC) were estimated, and their statistical significance was calculated.

Results

The crude suicide mortality rate in Colombia in 2020 (5.4 per 100000 inhabitants) decreased compared to those reported in the previous 3 years. Estimates of changes in time trends in suicide mortality rates between 2008 and 2020 showed a decrease in men of −5.28 (APC) (p<0.05) between 2018 and 2020, and an increase in women of 3.75 (APC) (p<0.05) between 2011 and 2020. Regarding age (by five-year periods), an increase of 3.87 (APC) (p<0.05) was determined in people between 15 and 19 years old between 2012 and 2020. According to health system affiliation regimen, decreases were estimated between 2016 and 2020 (−58.45 CPA; p<0.05) for people affiliated to especial and exceptional health regimes; and between 2015 and 2020 (−53.49 CPA; p<0.05) for the uninsured.

Conclusions

The crude suicide mortality rate during the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia decreased compared to what was reported in the previous years. Although significant changes were found in the temporal trends of suicide mortality rates in different periods for all variables, no significant increases were identified between 2019 and 2020.

Keywords:
COVID-19
Mental health
Pandemic
Suicide
Resumen
Introducción

La pandemia por coronavirus (COVID-19) se declaró en marzo de 2020. Esta enfermedad afecta el sistema respiratorio, y mostró altas tasas de morbimortalidad durante los años 2020 y 2021. También se ha descrito compromiso neurológico e incremento en las tasas de depresión, ansiedad, insomnio y abuso de sustancias. Las políticas de salud pública para prevenir la infección por COVID-19, la disminución del control y del seguimiento de patologías mentales, así como el impacto social y económico, pueden haber contribuido al incremento en ideación suicida y suicidios consumados. Aún no está claro si se han presentado cambios en las tasas de mortalidad por suicidio en Colombia antes y durante la pandemia.

Objetivo

Describir y analizar los cambios en las tendencias temporales de las tasas de mortalidad por suicidio en Colombia entre 2008 y 2020.

Métodos

Con base en registros nacionales, se calcularon y compararon las tasas de mortalidad por suicidio observadas en Colombia durante la pandemia por COVID-19 con las reportadas en años anteriores (2008-2019). Las tasas de mortalidad se analizaron con respecto a edad, sexo, nivel educativo, tipo de afiliación al sistema de salud, región y método empleado en la muerte por suicidio. Mediante el software del programa de regresión joint point 3.4.4 se estimaron los cambios en las tendencias temporales de las tasas de mortalidad por suicidio para cada variable. Se estimaron los cambios porcentuales anuales (CPA) y se calculó su significancia estadística.

Resultados

La tasa cruda de mortalidad por suicidio en Colombia en el año 2020 (5,4×100.000 habitantes) disminuyó con respecto a las tasas reportadas en los 3 años anteriores. Las estimaciones de los cambios en las tendencias temporales de las tasas de mortalidad por suicidio entre 2008 y 2020 mostraron una disminución en los hombres de −5,28 (CPA) (p<0,05) entre 2018 y 2020, y un aumento en las mujeres de 3,75 (CPA) (p<0,05) entre 2011 y 2020. Con respecto a la edad por quinquenios, se determinó un aumento de 3,87 (CPA) (p<0,05) en personas entre 15 y 19 años entre 2012 y 2020. También se estimaron disminuciones en las tendencias temporales por suicidios entre 2016 y 2020 de −58,45 (CPA) (p<0,05) para las personas afiliadas a regímenes especiales y excepcionales de salud, y de −53,49 (CPA) (p<0,05) entre 2015 y 2020 para los no asegurados.

Conclusiones

La tasa cruda de mortalidad por suicidio durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Colombia disminuyó con respecto a lo reportado en años anteriores. Aunque se encontraron cambios significativos en las tendencias temporales de las tasas de mortalidad por suicidio en diferentes períodos para todas las variables, no se identificaron incrementos significativos entre 2019 y 2020.

Palabras clave:
COVID-19
Pandemia
Salud mental
Suicidio

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