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Vol. 26. Issue 3.
Pages 157-165 (January 2011)
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Vol. 26. Issue 3.
Pages 157-165 (January 2011)
Original Article
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Multimodal neurophysiological study of SCA2 and SCA3 autosomal dominant hereditary spinocerebellar ataxias
Estudio neurofisiológico multimodal en las ataxias espinocerebelosas con herencia autosómica dominante de tipo SCA2 y SCA3
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S. Álvarez-Paradeloa,
Corresponding author
doctoraparadelo@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, A. Garcíaa, J. Infanteb, J. Bercianob
a Servicio de Neurofisiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (IFIMAV), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Santander, Spain
b Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (IFIMAV), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Abstract
Background

The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) are a group of genetic neurodegenerative diseases, clinically and pathologically heterogeneous, characterized by slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia.

Objective

To identify the neural pathways affected neurophysiologically, correlate the findings with the size of CAG expansion and determine the contribution of neurophysiological studies in the differential diagnosis of the two most prevalent genotypes in Spain, SCA2 and SCA3.

Method

We examined 10 SCA2 and 12 SCA3 patients by electromyography, electroneurography motor and sensory, multimodal evoked potentials, transcranial magnetic stimulation, blink reflex and masseter reflex. In the statistical analysis linear regression studies were performed, and the Spearman correlation coefficient and nonparametric test U of Mann-Whitney calculated.

Results

We detected the presence of a predominantly sensory neuropathy in most SCA2 patients and in a minority of SCA3 patients; the central somatosensory pathway showed significant defects in both populations. We recorded a high incidence of brain-stem electrophysiological abnormalities in SCA2 patients; in particular, the masseter reflex was abnormal in all SCA2 patients, remaining intact in all SCA3 patients. The study of cortico-spinal pathway showed a greater percentage of abnormalities in both populations than in previous studies.

Conclusion

SCA2 is a model of sensory neuronopathy with central and peripheral axonopathy. Studies of brain-stem pathways show a higher incidence of abnormalities in SCA2 patients. SCA3 patients show major changes in the central somatosensory pathway with relative normality of the electroneurography. The masseter reflex was the most useful test in the differential diagnosis between both genotypes.

Keywords:
Spinocerebellar ataxia
Blink reflex
Electroneurography
Multimodal evoked potentials
Masseter reflex
SCA2 and SCA3
Resumen
Introducción

Las ataxias espinocerebelosas (SCA) son un grupo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas genética, clínica y patológicamente heterogéneo, caracterizado por presentar una ataxia cerebelosa lentamente progresiva.

Objetivo

Identificar las vías nerviosas neurofisiológicamente afectadas, correlacionar los hallazgos con el tamaño de la expansión CAG y determinar la contribución del estudio neurofisiológico al diagnóstico diferencial de los dos genotipos más prevalentes en España, SCA2 y SCA3.

Método

Hemos examinado 10 pacientes SCA2 y 12 SCA3 mediante electromiografía, electroneurografía motora y sensitiva, potenciales evocados multimodales, estimulación magnética transcraneal, reflejo de parpadeo y mandibular. En el análisis estadístico empleamos estudios de regresión lineal, coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y el test no paramétrico “U de Mann-Whitney”.

Resultados

Detectamos anomalías compatibles con una neuronopatía sensitiva con axonopatía periférica en la mayoría de pacientes SCA2 y en una minoría de SCA3; la vía somatosensorial central presentó abundantes anomalías en ambas poblaciones. Registramos importantes alteraciones tronco-encefálicas en SCA2; particularmente, el reflejo maseterino estuvo alterado en todos los pacientes SCA2, manteniéndose intacto en los SCA3. El estudio de la vía córtico-espinal demostró un mayor porcentaje de anomalías en ambas poblaciones que estudios previos.

Conclusiones

SCA2 es un modelo electrofisiológico sugestivo de una neuronopatía sensitiva con axonopatía periférica y central. Los estudios de las vías tronco-encefálicas demuestran una mayor incidencia de alteraciones en los pacientes SCA2. En los pacientes SCA3 se observaron importantes alteraciones de la vía somatosensorial central con relativa normalidad del estudio electroneurográfico. El reflejo mandibular fue el test de mayor utilidad en el diagnóstico diferencial de ambos genotipos.

Palabras clave:
Ataxia espinocerebelosa
Electroneurografía
Potenciales evocados multimodales
Reflejo mandibular
Reflejo de parpadeo
SCA2 y SCA3
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This paper has been funded by the Health Research Fund (FIS PI07/1323E) and EUROSCA.

Copyright © 2011. Sociedad Española de Neurología
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